This resource has been partially reviewed and updatedA member of The Open Sanctuary Project’s staff has updated one or more sections within this resource. by a member of The Open Sanctuary Project’s staff as of May 1, 2023.

When a new donkey arrives at your sanctuary, there are a number of critical steps that must be taken to ensure safety for the incoming resident, your existing residents, and yourself!

Take Notes!
Remember to keep good track of all intake information and records of any new resident. Find our Resident Record Keeping guide here.

Identify The Specific Needs Of Incoming Individuals

While donkeys, in general, have certain diet, housing, and care needs, you must also consider if the new arrivals require any special accommodations based on their age, breed, health status, known history, or the circumstances of their recent living situation. Each new resident and situation will be different, but some things to consider include:

• If you’re taking in foals or younger donkeys, you will have to learn how to properly care for them in terms of heat, food, and shelter.
• If you welcome a mother donkey along with her nursing foal, you should not separate the two of them unless absolutely necessary for their health. If you separate them, allow them to be close enough to touch if they choose to!
• If the new donkey is from a starvation situation, you must work closely with your veterinarian to determine what to feed them. Offering unrestricted food sources to an individual who has been starved can result in serious health complications.
• When welcoming new donkey residents, keep in mind that in general, it’s best not to separate bonded donkey companions unless absolutely necessary. If you must separate bonded companions you may have to try several different living arrangements before finding one that is safe and sufficient to meet everyone’s needs.
• If the new resident is a jack (unneutered male), certain temporary measures may need to be taken in terms of housing and handling. As with any incoming equine resident, you should take time to closely observe a jack’s behavior before entering his living space, and make sure staff who will work with him know what physical cues to be on the lookout for that may indicate he is frightened or feeling confrontational. Not all jacks are confrontationalBehaviors such as chasing, cornering, biting, kicking, problematic mounting, or otherwise engaging in consistent behavior that may cause mental or physical discomfort or injury to another individual, or using these behaviors to block an individual's access to resources such as food, water, shade, shelter, or other residents., but many have a strong biological drive to be with female residents, for obvious reasons! Sometimes this can lead them to behave in ways that can be potentially harmful to themselves, other residents, and care staff. Rearing up, pacing back and forth, kicking, or jumping fences are possible behaviors to look out for. It is possible that some jacks may be so motivated to join the herd and interact with jennies (female donkeys) that housing should temporarily be out of sight of jennies. However, if the jack arrived with a female companion, it could be challenging and possibly dangerous to separate them, as the jack may resist the separation and potentially exhibit confrontational or stressed behaviors that can put everyone at risk. Steps should be taken to have jacks neutered (gelded) as soon as possible to help alleviate these stressors. It is important to note that it is unacceptable to keep Jacks permanently isolated as the sole solution to prevent breeding and fighting.
• If any incoming donkey is fearful or confrontational, be sure to keep human safety in mind when working with the donkey. Being in a confined space with a fearful or confrontational donkey has the potential to be quite dangerous. Make sure anyone working with the donkey is trained in safe practices and is well-versed in donkey body language and behavior.
• If the new donkey is very agile and appears to be fearful, or if the new resident is assumed to have escaped from their previous living situation, be sure to assess if your quarantine space can safely contain them. Not only do you want to avoid the new resident getting loose, they could also seriously injure themselves while trying to escape. Any time you take in fearful individuals, it is important to find gentle ways to help them become more comfortable around their caregivers. They may never become donkeys who crave human attention (though some individuals who arrive very fearful certainly do!), but you should be able to ease their fears and hence increase their comfort, even if they choose to keep their distance from humans. 

Adhere To A Quarantine Policy

It is imperative that you implement quarantineThe policy or space in which an individual is separately housed away from others as a preventative measure to protect other residents from potentially contagious health conditions, such as in the case of new residents or residents who may have been exposed to certain diseases. protocols to prevent possible disease spread between the new resident and others. Quarantine is critical for all new residents of any species, even if they appear healthy and even if you know exactly where the individual came from! Quarantine procedures protect the rest of your residents (and the humans that care for them) from infectious diseases that may not be producing clinical signs in a healthy-looking arrival – an entire herd or flock could be easily infected, and possibly even killed, by certain infectious diseases. You can read more about quarantine protocols here.  

If you’re taking in a whole herd that was living together previously, you can probably quarantine them together since it’s likely that any diseases they have will be already spread throughout the herd, and staying together may put the new residents more at ease. However, just because they came in together, doesn’t necessarily mean they get along well. When a new group arrives, monitor the herd to ensure that the current social situation is safe for everyone. If anyone appears to be getting picked on, find a way to split the group to reduce tensions while avoiding anyone having to live alone unless absolutely necessary, keeping in mind that donkeys are especially sensitive to separation. In fact, separating bonded donkeys could potentially create enough stress in them that they stop eating entirely. However, if you believe an individual in a new group of donkeys has an infectious disease, you may need to separate them temporarily, but must do so thoughtfully and carefully. Be sure to consider the necessity of separation and weigh the potential risk of keeping the donkey in the herd or with a companion against the risks of causing them extreme stress due to separation which can indirectly act as a catalyst for hyperlipaemia (a potentially fatal condition). If the donkey has been living in the group for some time, then it is likely others have already been exposed. You might choose to separate the individual from the group temporarily but allow a close companion to stay with them as they have likely been exposed already. If this isn’t possible, steps should be taken to allow the donkey to see their companions and remain as close to them as is safely possible while also providing appropriate enrichment to help reduce stress. 

Enrichment Can Help!
Companionship for herd animals such as donkeys is very important to their health. While quarantine must be given priority for new residents, it’s important to also consider their mental well-being during this time. An enrichment plan can go a long way in reducing stress, boredom, and loneliness for a quarantined individual, and we’ve got multiple resources that can give you ideas for how to do this. We suggest starting with our resources on social enrichment and donkey-safe enrichment.

Make The Most Of Quarantine!
Caregivers should take advantage of the time they have with the newcomer by getting to know them and working on building trust. Every interaction with the new resident results in them making certain conclusions about their safety and the humans in their vicinity. Unfortunately, the process of moving, transporting, unloading, and being separate from other donkeys can be perceived as negative, even if done gently and with care. To combat this, be sure that you are always calm when you interact and ensure you have positive interactions with the individual every day. This will go a long way. Clicker activities and offering treats (when they are calm) can be a great way to build a strong human-donkey relationship.

Evaluating A New Donkey’s Health

When welcoming a new resident to your sanctuary, it is imperative that you assess their overall health to ensure you are addressing any issues as soon as possible. This is accomplished through initial observations, an intake evaluation, diagnostic testing, ongoing observation, and possibly a veterinarian’s assessment of the individual, especially if the new donkey shows any signs of concerns.

Initial Observations

Whenever you welcome a new resident to your sanctuary, it is crucial that you spend some time observing the individual upon arrival to determine any immediate needs they may have. If you or your staff picked up the individual and transported them back to the sanctuary, this observation process will actually begin before the new resident sets foot on sanctuary grounds. Through thoughtful observation, you may be able to identify signs of concern that warrant immediate veterinary care or further assessment on your part. This part of the intake process will also help determine if an intake evaluation must happen immediately or can wait for the new resident to settle in a little bit. In instances where you are taking in multiple new residents, this process will also help you prioritize individuals who appear to require more urgent assessment.

If you are taking in donkeys who look very similar, you must have a system of identifying and documenting individuals while you are getting to know who is who. Every individual will have their own unique characteristics; these differences may be difficult to pinpoint but you can almost always find a feature that can be used for identification (perhaps a unique marking in their coat, or a scar). It may be helpful to take lots of pictures- both of the unique identifier as well as close-ups of their face) and write out thorough descriptions for staff and volunteers to refer to while learning everyone’s names. In some cases, additional, temporary identification may be needed to help everyone learn who is who. One option is to use a donkey-safe temporary paint- by placing a small mark or possibly their first initial on their side, staff may be better able to learn each individual’s name. These marks will fade overtime, and hopefully, by the time the mark wears off, staff will have a stronger sense of how to identify who is who. Some donkeys may arrive with microchips, or perhaps your sanctuary chooses to microchip equine residents. While microchips aren’t helpful in every scenario where you might need to identify a new resident, they can be very useful as a way to confirm an individual’s identity and to ensure that two residents who look similar are not mixed up.

Prioritizing An Intake Evaluation

It’s important to perform an intake evaluation on all new residents, ideally within 24 hours of arrival, though some may need more immediate assessment. An intake evaluation includes conducting a full health check to evaluate their overall health and to learn more about the individual, as well as gather important information for their permanent record. Be sure to follow quarantine procedures while conducting the intake evaluation. To learn more about the intake evaluation process, including how to prioritize assessing and addressing a new resident’s needs, check out our resource here! If, for whatever reason, you are unable to perform a full health evaluation shortly after their arrival, you will need to closely observe new residents for signs of concerns and take steps to address those concerns appropriately.

An intake evaluation is conducted in much the same way as a routine health check – you should check every inch of the donkey, looking for any signs of concerns, and providing any necessary treatments. Be sure to consider the individual when conducting the evaluation. While there are a variety of issues you may find during a new donkey resident’s intake evaluation, there are some health challenges that are especially common in new donkeys. These include:

• Hoof Issues– Because sanctuaries often take in individuals who may have had their needs neglected, very often new donkeys arrive with overgrown or cracked hooves. Be sure to evaluate their feet and check for any signs of hoof rot, hoof abscesses, cracking or other abnormalities. Schedule a visit from your farrier or veterinarian to trim their feet and address any issues and set a trimming schedule for the individual based on their needs. Hoof issues, whether it be hoof rot, cracked or overgrown hooves, or something like white line disease, must always be treated seriously. Without proper treatment, what starts as a small hoof issue can result in serious complications. Be sure to work with your veterinarian to diagnose any issues and establish a treatment plan. 
• Mobility or Joint Issues– You should assess the donkey’s mobility by watching them walk and looking for any abnormalities in their gait or shifting of weight when standing. When checking their legs, pay extra attention to their joints, looking for any swelling and listening for crepitus (popping or crunching). If safe to do so, you can feel the joint for heat as well. Mobility and joint issues should be evaluated by a veterinarian to determine the cause and appropriate treatment plan.
• Respiratory Issues– Watch closely, both during the intake evaluation and during the quarantine period, for any signs of respiratory illness. Donkeys are susceptible to a number of respiratory issues, some contagious and others self-contained. Of the contagious conditions, Strangles (equine distemper), Equine Herpes Virus, and Equine Influenza are those to look out for. Signs to watch for include coughing, yellow discharge from the nose, swollen throat, fever, enlarged glands under the lower jaw, clear discharge from the eyes and redness around eyes, depression and loss of appetite, and signs of edema in lower limbs (“filled legs”). Many of these conditions have vaccinations for future use. Respiratory conditions should be evaluated by a veterinarian to determine the cause and appropriate treatment plan.
• Parasites– Like other residents, donkeys are susceptible to parasites, both external and internal. Incoming donkeys should be examined for lice, mites, and ticks. Signs of a possible external parasite infestation include itching, hair loss, stamping feet, and rubbing against objects or biting themselves. A fecal test must also be performed to check for a number of internal parasites. Signs of possible internal parasites include low body weight, anemia, diarrhea or clumped stool, and colic. In addition to the more commonly known intestinal parasites, donkeys are susceptible to lungworms which they do not often show clinical signs of but can pass on to horses.
• Obesity– Because donkeys evolved in areas with sparse vegetation and resources, compared to horses, they can do more with less, meaning they are able to survive on much less food. This amazing ability can also result in easy weight gain if they are kept in living spaces with plenty of lush forage. Individuals who arrive overweight may need special diet plans to promote weight loss, and caregivers should be familiar with the needs of individuals who show a propensity for excessive weight gain and associated health challenges.

In addition to looking for signs of concern, you should determine the following information. In some cases this will require veterinary involvement:

• Assess spay/ neuter/ pregnancy status: New males should be evaluated to determine their neuter status, though in some cases you may need a veterinarian to help with this if you are unsure. Intact males should be neutered as soon as your veterinarian deems appropriate. They will need time to recover after the surgery, which could delay their introduction to other residents if done towards the end of their quarantine period. Females who are sexually mature should be evaluated for pregnancy through an ultrasound and/ or blood testing. If an incoming resident is early on in their pregnancy, some sanctuaries choose to induce miscarriage. Sanctuaries interested in seeking this treatment should speak to their veterinarian about the off-label use of Lutalyse and Estrumate for this purpose or if there is another treatment that is recommended. Sanctuaries should not perform this treatment themselves unless directed by a veterinarian. The decision to induce miscarriage ultimately depends on an individual sanctuary’s Philosophy of Care.  
• Approximate their age by looking at their teeth: We are not talking about evaluating their dental health here- that definitely requires an experienced veterinarian or donkey dentist. In fact, many sanctuaries rely on the age determination of the dentist or veterinarian upon their first check up. However, there are several ways a caregiver can learn to roughly determine age by examining a donkey’s teeth. It will take some research and practice to improve the accuracy of the observation, and while you can learn quite a lot online, this should ideally be taught by a donkey care expert or veterinarian. Having a general idea of their age can be very helpful when considering their needs. When examining their teeth, never put your hand inside a donkey’s mouth as they have very strong jaws and could seriously injure a hand or finger. For some individuals, it may not be safe to put yourself that close to their head, in which case you will need to skip this step for now. 

Incoming Testing

If you have not already done so, work with your veterinarian to determine appropriate incoming testing protocols for new donkeys you welcome to your sanctuary. While individuals showing signs of concern may require additional diagnostics, there may be certain tests your veterinarian recommends for all incoming donkeys. At a minimum, all new residents should have a fecal sample submitted to check for internal parasites. If they have diarrhea, you should also test for Salmonella. If the donkey has internal parasites, your veterinarian will be able to recommend deworming treatments based on the fecal results. Be sure to submit another fecal sample 10-14 days after any deworming treatment to evaluate its effectiveness. In order to help prevent the ever-increasing resistance to available deworming medications, it’s important to only use dewormers when necessary and to work closely with your veterinarian if resistance to certain dewormers seems to be an issue. Because donkeys can carry and spread lungworm to horses without presenting clinical signs, if new donkeys will eventually live with your horse residents, you may want to talk to your veterinarian about performing a trachea wash, in addition to fecal testing, to check for lungworm before they move in with horse residents.

If a new resident arrives with infected, scabby skin lesions, your vet may recommend acquiring a sample to check for possible infectious diseases. Additionally, if an incoming resident has nasal or eye discharge that is undiagnosed, then swabbing and sending a sample in for testing can help determine the cause so you can begin appropriate treatment. Some states require regular Coggin’s testing to be administered to prevent the spread of Equine Infectious Anemia. Be sure to talk with your vet about this and other region-specific testing that may be recommended. Certain disease confirmations may require an official report to your local government- if testing for screening purposes only, you may want to have a conversation with your veterinarian about what a positive result would mean for the individual and the sanctuary.

Ongoing Observation

Some health conditions may take time to show outward symptoms. While all residents should be observed closely each day, extra attention should be paid to new residents during their quarantine period to ensure any potential issues are caught and addressed as soon as possible. If you are new to caring for donkeys, you may think they are like small horses and act similarly. However, you would be mistaken. Donkeys are generally more stoic in nature, and may only exhibit the smallest behavioral changes in response to an uncomfortable or painful feeling- so keep a close eye on them! If you want to ensure early disease recognition, you’ll have to spend a lot of time with the donkeys in your care so slight changes and symptoms are more apparent to you. 

Incoming Vaccines

Work with your veterinarian to establish a vaccine protocol for your donkey residents based on the specifics of your resident population and your region. When new donkeys arrive, your veterinarian can help determine if they are healthy enough for vaccination, which will depend on the vaccine. It is often best to wait to administer vaccinations if a donkey is sick. However, your veterinarian may advise immediate vaccinations in certain circumstances. Make sure you know about any age restrictions as well. Some vaccines are not meant for foals under a certain age.

Vaccines To Consider
Always talk to your veterinarian about what vaccines they recommend, as the specifics of your region will influence what is best. Be sure your veterinarian fully understands your missionThe stated goals and activities of an organization. An animal sanctuary’s mission is commonly focused on objectives such as animal rescue and public advocacy. and how the sanctuary functions. There are certain vaccines that might be recommended to most of their clients, but are not necessary for donkeys who will never breed or who spend most of their lives at the sanctuary rather than frequently going to exhibitions where they are exposed to many other animals with unknown backgrounds. Many sanctuaries vaccinate for Rabies, Tetanus, Encephalomyelitis, and West Nile. Depending on your location and the age and risk level of your resident equines, vaccinations for Herpesvirus, Strangles, and Influenza should be considered as well, and there may be additional vaccines your veterinarian recommends to protect young foals from disease.

Introducing The Newcomer To Other Donkeys

Double Donkeys
Donkeys are a social species and will typically be much more content in pairs than as an individual. If you are taking in one donkey, it might be good to look into considering an additional donkey resident if another donkey is in need of sanctuary and your sanctuary has the capacity!

If the new resident is a young foal who is much less mature than the existing herd, you may want to let them grow up a fair bit before introducing them to the rest of the herd to ensure that they have built up enough immune system strength to handle any disease that might be lurking in the herd. You might consider choosing a calm, parental resident to reside with them during this time. They can teach them how to appropriately “donkey” which will help them later once they are introduced to the rest of the herd. 

Keep in mind that newly neutered donkeys are still fertile for weeks after the operation, so make sure to wait until they’re completely sterile before they’re around any impregnable herd mates as they may still have a strong desire to mate! Aside from the reproductive consequences of that, they may also still feel motivated to join the female residents, wherever they are. This can be potentially dangerous to other residents and staff if they are intensely motivated to get to where the female donkeys are. Planning ahead about what to do if this situation arises, is a good idea. Options include special fencing and providing visual barriers between the newly neutered resident and resident jennies.

Once you’ve ensured that the new donkey is healthy enough to join the resident herd, it can be a good idea to give the donkeys time to get used to each other by living in separate, but adjacent, spaces. Consider letting the new donkey live in the same barn as the resident herd without having full physical access to one another- sniffing or grooming each other over a fence is a good way to get to know each other! This will give them an opportunity to meet and begin working out their new relationship with the individual and the herd. However, it is important to ensure you have solid, donkey-safe fencing before doing this. Donkeys may paw and kick at the fence, and it needs to be strong enough to withstand any blows, while also ensuring hooves aren’t able to get caught in the fencing. You should consider giving the donkeys at least two weeks of this transition period before attempting to put them together, though every introduction is different.

When you’re ready to introduce the new donkey to the herd, be sure to have multiple trained humans on hand to monitor their introduction in case you need to intervene! There may be minor fighting at first, as everyone adjusts to one another, but as long as no one is getting injured or overdoing it, it’s generally best to let them sort things out for themselves. However, if things get out of hand, you’ll need to break up conflicts quickly. During introductions, watch closely to make sure no one is causing injury and that no one is exhausting themselves or showing signs of overheating. Extra water and food can be spread out to help ensure there is no conflict over resources. Observe their behaviors, only intervening if their behaviors are causing serious, constant stress to any residents or if there is the potential for serious injury. 

Also, be sure you are familiar with the health of the individual and note if they have mobility issues. If a donkey has laminitis or other mobility issues, what might be normal, relatively safe behavior for a herd of donkeys can turn dangerous to the new donkey. It can result in severe lameness that prevents them from walking, or even being able to stand. Consider creating a separate herd for seniors or individuals with serious health issues. 

If things escalate and you are worried a donkey resident is going to be injured, you will need to intervene, but this must be done extremely carefully. It is not safe for a human to try to physically intervene during an altercation between mature donkeys. Instead, try to create a diversion to distract them. This may be done by making loud noises or creating another type of distraction. When the altercation is interrupted, you can encourage them to move away from one another. Always be very careful when working around donkeys who are agitated. This is why it’s important to have multiple people who can be on the lookout and can alert others to a dangerous situation that may be headed their way. Typically, negative, but normal, interactions manifest as chasing, lunging with pinned ears and head down, biting, kicking, rearing up, and occasionally attempts at mounting. You can watch for flaring nostrils (indicating excitement or exhaustion), increased whites around the eyes (fear or upset), an open jaw with teeth exposed (confrontational), and pinned ears (which can sometimes mean confrontational but can also indicate displeasure with the stimulus before them if they are moving away). Don’t mistake a donkey in a resting pose with their ears facing back, with pinned ears. If you have to separate the donkeys due to dangerously confrontational behaviors, don’t try to introduce them again that day. It can take a little bit of time for them to become comfortable with each other and figure out the social order.

With all introductions, monitoring their first few days together is especially critical to make sure everyone is getting along. You may need to offer additional food and water sources away from where the herd typically eats and drinks if the new donkey is getting pushed away or seems wary of the others. If the herd needs to be closed in a small space for any reason while everyone is still getting to know one another, you may need to offer the new donkey their own space during these times since conflicts may be more likely to arise in confined spaces.

Other good techniques to help the donkeys get along include changing out bedding material with each other’s scents in order to familiarize donkeys with one another (after the new resident has completed quarantine), ensuring plenty of open space where the donkeys socialize, eat, and drink, and providing lots of space for newly introduced donkeys to avoid each other. If the donkeys are having constant trouble with each other, don’t give up hope! It may take quite a few introductions before they all get along. However, if it seems like the donkey will never be fully accepted into the herd or if they are too rough for some of their herdmates, it would be better to create a second herd with a few individuals who get along well with each other, being careful not to separate bonded companions. A herd with a constantly bullied donkey is an unacceptable living situation for the individual donkey.

Donkeys And Other Species?
It is difficult to know how an individual donkey will get along with non-equine farmed animal sanctuary species, such as chickens, turkeysUnless explicitly mentioned, we are referring to domesticated turkey breeds, not wild turkeys, who may have unique needs not covered by this resource., pigs, goats, or sheep. Some might do just fine, others may become confrontational towards them. Ideally, you should consider keeping new donkeys separate from other species in your care, or if you must keep them in shared spaces, monitor their interactions extremely carefully!

It may seem like a lot of extra steps than just releasing a new donkey into the herd, but if you follow the above guidelines, your new friend will have a much greater chance at a happy, healthy life with you and the herd!

SOURCES:

Understanding Donkey Behavior | The Donkey Sanctuary

What Makes A Donkey Happy? | Donkey Society Of Victoria (Non-Compassionate Source)

Non-Compassionate Source?
If a source includes the (Non-Compassionate Source) tag, it means that we do not endorse that particular source’s views about animals, even if some of their insights are valuable from a care perspective. See a more detailed explanation here.