Updated November 5, 2020

If you are planning on providing lifelong care for llamas, either in a sanctuary or microsanctuary environment, the hands-on training you’ll need and the standard care practices you must develop for your residents are much more rigorous than what non-sanctuary llama resources may have led you to believe! Taking in llamas without having the appropriate skills and policies in place could threaten their health and well-being, as well as the health of other residents at your sanctuary.

This introductory resource is not intended to dissuade you from rescue, but merely provide a perspective on what a sanctuary must be able to commit to in order to provide the best life for a llama.

Llama Care That Should Be Taught By An Expert

Responsible llama care means being able to fully understand and perform safe handling and healthcare techniques, as well as being able to react rapidly and effectively in the event of an emergency. Anyone who is in charge of regularly providing care to llamas should be taught the following techniques from a compassionate llama care expert or a qualified veterinarian.

Healthcare Basics

• Performing a llama health checkThe Open Sanctuary Project uses the term "health check" to describe health evaluations performed by caregivers who are not licensed veterinarians. While regular health checks are an important part of animal care, they are not meant to be a replacement for a physical exam performed by a licensed veterinarian.: All of the llamas in your care need to be regularly evaluated from their head to their feet in order to catch any health problems early on for successful treatment. An expert or veterinarian can give you hands-on training so you can give health checks quickly, efficiently, and with the least stress possible for the llama.
• Safely being around and handling a llama: There are a number of nuances that an expert must demonstrate for you in order to prevent potentially serious health and safety consequences from mishandling a llama or misjudging their behavior. Certain individual llamas may require unique handling techniques, due to their size, personality, history of trauma, or health status.
• Understanding the safe range of joint motions in llamas: When performing health checks on llamas, it’s important to check their leg and joint flexibility and check for signs of pain, infection, inflammation, or arthritis. You must have an expert demonstrate for you how to check the range of motion in their bodies without causing injury and teach you what a healthy llama looks and feels like. This way, you can be the best advocate possible for them if something feels or looks amiss.
• Evaluating a llama’s stomach: Stomach problems are unfortunately common in llamas and can quickly cause death if left unmanaged. For this reason, you must learn how to evaluate a llama’s digestive system, and quickly discern between healthy and abnormal stomach operation in order to intervene quickly if something’s wrong.
• Evaluating a llama’s foot health: Llamas can develop a number of foot problems throughout their lives, either as a result of overgrown nails, environmental problems, infection, or old age. Failing to identify llama foot issues early could lead to permanent injury and a greatly reduced quality of life for the individual llama.
• Evaluating a llama’s droppings: Abnormal llama droppings can be a warning sign that something is amiss in them, be it a problem with their nutrition, an illness, or a parasitic infection. It’s important to learn what healthy llama poop typically looks like for the individual llamas in your care throughout the day so that abnormalities can be caught and evaluated early on. Early intervention for many llama health issues can be lifesaving.

Llama Treatments

• Trimming a llama’s nails: Safe nail trimming is a health essential for llamas that someone at your sanctuary must be able to regularly perform. Improper technique could hurt or permanently injure a llama.
• Foot illness management in llamas: Foot rot and other foot illnesses are common in llamas. If left untreated, the illness could spread into a llama’s leg and cause permanent damage. Treatment is dependent on the kind of infection and how much its progressed into the llama’s foot. Failure to learn appropriate foot treatment techniques could potentially lead to greater health problems than the infection itself.
• Treating mites, flies, parasites, and lice in llamas: Although it may seem straightforward to treat individuals for these problems, you should have someone demonstrate dosage and technique until you are fully comfortable with treatment (and know when not to treat for parasites to prevent resistant strains from propagating). Some llamas may become seriously ill or die if they are exposed to too much pesticide or anti-parasitic medication. Flies around llamas must also be managed with effective strategies, as they can spread serious diseases like pink eye.
• Having a plan for CL: CL is a highly infectious disease that can be transmitted to humans. You must be trained to handle this very common ailment appropriately and safely. Do you have space to establish a permanently separate CL-positive herd to protect the CL-negative residents at your sanctuary if necessary?
• Handling a bloated llama: You must learn exactly what to do if a llama is suffering from bloat or grain poisoning, including rapid evaluation and response. If a llama is exhibiting signs of extreme distress, you may have a limited time to administer lifesaving treatment. A veterinarian may not be able to come to you in time, so caregivers must receive training on what to look out for and how to intervene long before any emergencies.
• Administering oral and injectable medications and gastric intubation for llamas: You must be shown how to safely administer oral medications to a llama without causing them undue stress or accidentally choking them, and must also be shown how to administer injectable medications. While oral medications are often preferred and administration is less stressful to both the llama and the human, there are instances when an injection is necessary, so you must learn how to administer properly. Gastric intubationthe introduction of a tube into a hollow organ (such as the esophagus or trachea) (such as to intervene in cases of bloat or grain poisoning) absolutely must be taught by an expert. The threshold for lethal mistakes is very high due to their biology.
• Rapid intervention for urinary blockage: Male llamas have a higher chance of developing stones. If a llama cannot urinate, they will die. You must be trained to know the signs of this condition and have a veterinary source for immediate treatment.

Necessary Practices For Responsible Llama Guardianship

In order to provide the best care possible for llamas, you must have the proper policies and practices in place, in addition to providing them with the best environment and nutrition possible.

Responsible Policies

• Establishing regular record keeping policies for llamas: Keeping detailed records of llama residents from intake until they leave your sanctuary is a crucial part of giving them the best healthcare as well as providing an extra layer of legal protection to your sanctuary in certain circumstances.
• Creating and following a new llama arrival protocol: Herd safety means following practical biosecurity and quarantine guidelines when you bring a new resident llama onto your sanctuary grounds, including evaluating newcomers for CL and Orf. Failing to have an appropriate intake process could pose a serious risk to your residents.
• Daily observation for each individual: Although it does not have to be as rigorous as a health check, each of the individual llamas you take in must be visually looked over at least once a day (such as during feeding time) to watch out for early signs of illness or other health concerns. It is not responsible to take in llamas and not be able to provide this minimum standard of care for each of them.
• Creating a fiber policy: If you’re caring for llamas who have been bred for their fiber, you should create and abide by a fiber policy for your sanctuary. It’s important to assess each individual to determine whether or not they need to be shorn and how often this should be done. What will you do with the fiber? Here’s what we’d suggest!

• Establishing a vaccine protocol: Talk to your veterinarian to see what vaccines they recommend based on your area.  Many sanctuaries vaccinate for Rabies and Tetanus & Clostridium (also known as the CDT vaccine) but there may be other vaccines that should be included in your vaccine protocol. Be sure your veterinarian fully understands your missionThe stated goals and activities of an organization. An animal sanctuary’s mission is commonly focused on objectives such as animal rescue and public advocacy. and how the sanctuary functions. There are certain vaccines that might be recommended to most of their clients, but are not necessary for llamas who will never breed or who spend most of their lives at the sanctuary rather than frequently going to exhibitions where they are exposed to many other animals with unknown backgrounds.
• Regular fecal testing of llamas: Llamas can fall victim to a host of dangerous ailments and diseases that may not present symptoms visibly until they’re too late to treat. You must create a fecal testing schedule and follow it for all llamas in order to head off health challenges early on.
• Creating a plan for isolationIn medical and health-related circumstances, isolation represents the act or policy of separating an individual with a contagious health condition from other residents in order to prevent the spread of disease.  In non-medical circumstances, isolation represents the act of preventing an individual from being near their companions due to forced separation. Forcibly isolating an individual to live alone and apart from their companions can result in boredom, loneliness, anxiety, and distress. or quarantineThe policy or space in which an individual is separately housed away from others as a preventative measure to protect other residents from potentially contagious health conditions, such as in the case of new residents or residents who may have been exposed to certain diseases.: If a llama becomes ill or injured and needs time away from the rest of your residents to heal or prevent the spread of disease, you will need an appropriate area reserved to isolate them. Without space to isolate an ill or injured resident, you risk the spread of disease or further injury to the individual.

What You Must Provide For Llamas

Responsible llama care means making sure that their food, water, and shelter is provided and maintained to a high standard. Many llama setups are not designed with the llama’s best interest in mind and cannot be assumed to be an ideal living space for them. Similarly, the nutrition you provide for them should be considered in terms of what works best for them, rather than what’s easiest!

• Providing appropriate living spaces for llamas: You must give llamas an appropriate living space, with sunlight, clean air, appropriate temperature and humidity control, and llama-safe fencing. They should have a safe place to roam, browse on interesting safe plants, and enjoy enriching activities. Forcing llamas to live in cramped, dark, muddy, dirty, icy, or dangerous conditions is unacceptable. You should never take in so many llamas that they lack adequate personal space!
• Providing appropriate food, water, and supplementation for llamas: You must feed llamas a healthy diet suited to their individual needs. They need clean water that doesn’t freeze over in the winter, appropriate forage or hay, minerals, and, depending on their specific needs, nutritional supplementation. It’s unacceptable to knowingly feed them food that causes health problems or excessive weight gain. You must be willing to adjust their food and supplementation if a llama resident needs their diet modified to rectify health challenges as well.

• Regular cleaning and maintenance of llama living spaces: You must establish and follow a regular cleaning schedule for the spaces where llamas live and sleep. Ignoring regular cleaning and bedding replacement can cause llamas to develop a host of easily avoidable illnesses such as foot rot, parasites, or social challenges like bullying.
• Protecting residents from predators: It is unacceptable to create living spaces that do not offer responsible protection from regional predators. You must implement strategies to prevent predators from entering their living space and regularly review the effectiveness of your efforts. Familiarize yourself with the various predators in your area to assess whether or not certain residents should be closed in overnight for additional protection. Young criasYoung llamas or alpacas are especially vulnerable, so it’s a good idea to close them into a safe space overnight until they get a bit bigger.
• Creating and maintaining indoor living spaces with rodent-proofing in mind: Just as you must protect your residents from predators, it is important to create indoor living spaces that discourage or make it difficult for rodents to take up residence in them. Mice and rats can not only potentially spread disease to residents, they can also cause safety issues by damaging electrical wires (which could result in a fire) or getting into insulation (and creating opportunities for residents to ingest insulation). Severe rat infestations can also result in physical harmThe infliction of mental, emotional, and/or physical pain, suffering, or loss. Harm can occur intentionally or unintentionally and directly or indirectly. Someone can intentionally cause direct harm (e.g., punitively cutting a sheep's skin while shearing them) or unintentionally cause direct harm (e.g., your hand slips while shearing a sheep, causing an accidental wound on their skin). Likewise, someone can intentionally cause indirect harm (e.g., selling socks made from a sanctuary resident's wool and encouraging folks who purchase them to buy more products made from the wool of farmed sheep) or unintentionally cause indirect harm (e.g., selling socks made from a sanctuary resident's wool, which inadvertently perpetuates the idea that it is ok to commodify sheep for their wool). to vulnerable residents such as young crias or individuals with mobility issues. Be sure to design the space so that any insulation and electrical wires are contained in such a way that rodents cannot access them, avoid (or regularly check) gaps that could easily be turned into a cozy nest, and make sure any supplies that may attract rodents are sealed in metal bins (especially food or sweetened minerals). Making the space completely “rodent-proof” likely is not possible since the space will be open for residents to come and go for at least a portion of the day, but you can take steps to make it less likely that they will build themselves a cozy home inside your residents’ home.
• Regular foreign body ingestion mitigation: You need to keep llamas safe from foreign body ingestion by regularly checking their areas for potentially dangerous materials that they may ingest.

• Honoring the needs of younger or older llamas: Llamas that are very young or elderly have unique care needs that must be accommodated in order to thrive. You should not take in llamas with special care requirements until you understand what they need and have an environment and policies in place for them!
• Providing appropriate veterinary care and medication for llamas: When you give sanctuary to a llama, you are committing to providing them a high quality of life and individual care. Part of this means having a qualified veterinarian who understands llama care and is willing to treat health problems, manage pain, and provide compassionate end of life care when necessary. It is unacceptable to take in llamas and deny them medical attention or withhold pain management.

This is not an exhaustive list of everything you must know and provide for llamas in a sanctuary environment. Individual llamas may have their own needs and challenges that require additional training and policies to give them the best life possible!