This resource was partially reviewed and updatedA member of The Open Sanctuary Project’s staff has updated one or more sections within this resource. by a member of The Open Sanctuary Project’s staff on April 12, 2024. It was originally published on August 28, 2020.
Unfortunately for the humans looking out for them, some pigs will hide signs of illness and injury until the condition has progressed to the point where they are no longer able to do so. Therefore, in order to catch and respond to health issues as quickly as possible, you’ll need to spend a lot of time observing and getting to know your residents so you are better able to catch less obvious signs of concern. Additionally, by conducting regular full-body health checks, you’ll be able to learn what healthy looks and feels (and smells!) like and will be more likely to catch issues early on. Be sure to read our guide to pig health checks to familiarize yourself with the signs that something may be amiss with a pig resident. For more information on health challenges that commonly affect piglets, check out our resource here.
Issues By Body System Affected
Circulatory System: Actinobacillus suis, Anthrax, Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis), Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera), Erysipelas, Porcine Stress Syndrome (Malignant Hyperthermia, Transport Myopathy), Mulberry Heart Disease
Digestive System: Aflatoxicosis, African Swine Fever (ASF), Anthrax, Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera), Coccidiosis, Dental Disease, Gastric Ulcers, Hepatosis Dietetica, Worms (Nodular Worms, Large Roundworm, Threadworm, Thorny-Headed Worm, Whipworms)
Immune System: Aflatoxicosis
Musculoskeletal System: Actinobacillus suis, African Swine Fever (ASF), Arthritis (Osteoarthritis and Septic Arthritis), Atrophic Rhinitis, Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis), Erysipelas, Foot Infections (Bush Foot), Frostbite, Hernias, Hoof Cracks, MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Obesity, Osteomyelitis, Porcine Stress Syndrome (Malignant Hyperthermia, Transport Myopathy), White Muscle Disease
Nervous System: African Swine Fever (ASF), Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis), Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera), Ear Infections, Heat Stress And Heat-Related Illness, Pseudorabies (Aujeszky Disease), Salt Poisoning
Reproductive System: Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis), Leptospirosis, Porcine Respiratory And Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS), Reproductive Tract Cancers
Respiratory System: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Actinobacillus suis, African Swine Fever (ASF), Anthrax, Atrophic Rhinitis, Influenza (Swine Flu), Large Roundworm, Lungworms (Metastrongylus spp), Pneumonia, Porcine Respiratory And Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS), Pseudorabies (Aujeszky Disease)
Integumentary System: Actinobacillus suis, African Swine Fever (ASF), Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera), Dippity Pig Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme), Dry Skin, Erysipelas, External Abscesses, Frostbite, Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative Epidermitis), Lice, Mange, MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Ringworm, Skin Cancer, Sunburn, Swine Pox
Urinary System: Chronic Kidney Failure, Kidney worms (Stephanurus dentatus), Leptospirosis, Urinary Tract Issues (Urinary Calculi, Cystitis, and UTIs)
Sensory System: Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera), Ear Hematoma, Ear Infections, Frostbite, Lice, Mange, Mechanical Blindness (Fat Blindness)
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a bacterium that causes pleuropneumonia, a severe respiratory disease that is highly contagious and can be fatal. Though APP can affect pigs of all ages, it most commonly affects younger pigs between the ages of 6 weeks and 20 weeks old. Transmission of APP is typically through nasal secretions and direct contact with infected individuals. Aerosol transmission may be possible, but only over short distances. APP can also be spread via fomitesObjects or materials that may become contaminated with an infectious agent and contribute to disease spread, but these remain infectious for only a short period of time. The severity of the disease depends on the strain, but clinical signs include a sudden onset of severe respiratory distress, oral and nasal discharge that is foamy and blood-tinged, and a high fever. Affected individuals may be reluctant to move, appear stiff, and may have vomiting or diarrhea. Individuals with pleuropneumonia often have a cough that is shallow and non-productive. They may be seen open-mouth breathing and may develop cyanosis in their extremities that becomes more generalized as the disease progresses. Those with chronic disease may have a chronic cough.
Tentative diagnosis of acute cases is usually based on the sudden onset of disease and other clinical signs. There are diagnostic tests available that your veterinarian may recommend to confirm the diagnosis. Actinobacillus suis infections can cause similar clinical signs, but A. suis is not as contagious as APP. Immediate antibiotic treatment is necessary. Consult with your veterinarian immediately if one of your pig residents is showing signs of respiratory illness. Pigs who recover from this disease often remain carriers of APP. There are vaccines available, with newer generations of vaccines offering wider protection against all serotypes. Be sure to discuss all vaccine protocols with your veterinarian.
Sources:
Pleuropneumonia in Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Diseases Of Swine, 11th Edition (Non-Compassionate Source)
Actinobacillus suis
This bacterium can be found in the oral and nasal cavities of healthy pigs. However, immunosuppression, damage to mucous membranes in the oral cavity, or the presence of other diseases can make pigs susceptible to disease from Actinobacillus suis. Signs of actinobacillosis caused by this bacterium include fever, elevated respiratory rate, and cyanotic extremities. Affected pigs may also develop tremors or skin lesions that look similar to those caused by erysipelas. This infection can cause septicemia, especially in younger pigs, and can cause pneumonia, arthritis, and pericarditis in older pigs. Immediate antibiotic treatment is imperative. Contact your veterinarian immediately if you suspect one of your residents has actinobacillosis.
Sources:
Overview of Actinobacillosis | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Actinobacillus suis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Actinobacillosis | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Aflatoxicosis
Aflatoxicosis is caused by aflatoxins, which are toxins produced by molds such as Aspergillusany of a genus (Aspergillus) of ascomycetous fungi with branched radiate sporophores including many common molds flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus. Peanuts, corn, and wheat, as well as some other cereal grains, can harbor these molds and expose pigs to aflatoxins. Pigs rarely suffer from acute aflatoxicosis, but can develop subacute or chronic toxicosis through prolonged daily consumption of food contaminated with smaller amounts of aflatoxins. Aflatoxin levels as low as 300 ppb can result in chronic toxicosis. Levels typically need to be above 1000 ppb in order to cause acute toxicosis in pigs.
Younger pigs are more susceptible to aflatoxicosis than mature pigs. Aflatoxins cause liver damage and are immunosuppressive. Affected pigs may show a decrease in appetite, lose weight, and may develop secondary diseases. In some cases, pigs may develop jaundice. If you suspect aflatoxicosis, be sure to consult with your veterinarian and immediately remove the suspected cause (such as contaminated pig pellets or even certain types of bedding). Food samples can be analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins and other mycotoxins.
Sources:
Aflatoxicosis In Animals | Merck Veterinary Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Aflatoxicosis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Mycotoxicosis | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
African Swine Fever (ASF)
ASF is a highly infectious viral disease that can cause severe hemorrhagic disease in domesticatedAdapted over time (as by selective breeding) from a wild or natural state to life in close association with and to the benefit of humans and feral pigs, as well as wild pig species such as warthogs, bush pigs, and wild boars. There has never been a reported case of ASF in the U.S., but as reports of ASF outbreaks increase globally (including the first reports in the Americas in almost 40 years), U.S. officials are on high alert. It’s important for sanctuaries to understand the threat this disease and governmental response efforts pose to their residents should they find themselves in the midst of an ASF outbreak. To learn more about this topic, check out our resource Advanced Topic In Resident Health: African Swine Fever – An Overview For Animal Sanctuaries.
Source:
African Swine Fever | Merck Veterinary Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Anthrax
Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis spores, which can lie dormant in the soil for many years. This bacterium is more common in temperate climates and can come to the surface after heavy rains, especially after periods of drought. Animals who graze are susceptible to the disease after eating contaminated grass, but pigs very rarely get anthrax in this way. Anthrax in pigs is rare, but they can contract the disease if they ingest a large number of the bacteria – typically by coming into contact with an infected carcass or if their food contains contaminated animal by-products. Clinical signs include depression, inappetence, fever, bleeding, and, depending on where the lesions have formed, the individual may vomit, show signs of respiratory distress, have swelling in their neck, or have bloody diarrhea. In some cases, anthrax can cause sudden death.
If you suspect a pig has anthrax, you must contact your veterinarian immediately. Because of how rapidly the condition progresses, immediate antibiotic treatment is key. Additionally, your veterinarian can make recommendations to help protect other residents and the humans who care for them. This may include the use of vaccines. Please note that anthrax is zoonotic and confirmations of anthrax must be reported. If your veterinarian has diagnosed anthrax, consult with your human physician regarding the risk of transmission to yourself and the symptoms you should watch for (and encourage others who have had contact with the individual to do the same).
Prevention is key. You can reduce your residents’ risk of exposure to B. anthracis by regularly checking pastures for deceased wildlife and removing them from the pasture, and by feeding a vegetarian diet.
Sources:
Anthrax Facts | American Veterinary Medical Association (Non-Compassionate Source)
Anthrax | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Arthritis (Osteoarthritis and Septic Arthritis)
There are many types of arthritis with different causes, but osteoarthritis (also called degenerative arthritis) and septic arthritis (also called infectious arthritis) are especially common in pigs.
Osteoarthritis – This type of arthritis is often associated with advanced age, but due to their large size, osteoarthritis can affect younger pigs as well, especially larger breeds or individuals who are overweight. Signs of osteoarthritis include abnormal gaitA specific way of moving and the rhythmic patterns of hooves and legs. Gaits are natural (walking, trotting, galloping) or acquired meaning humans have had a hand in changing their gaits for "sport"., bearing weight unevenly when standing, lameness, and reduced activity. You may be able to hear or feel crepitus (grating or crunching) in their joints. Pigs with osteoarthritis may spend more time lying down, putting them at risk of developing pressure sores. Ensuring pigs remain at a healthy weight can help prevent, or delay, osteoarthritis, but even pigs who are at a healthy weight could develop this condition as they age. Treatment with analgesics and creating a living spaceThe indoor or outdoor area where an animal resident lives, eats, and rests. that is easy for arthritic pigs to navigate can help keep residents comfortable.
Septic Arthritis – Septic arthritis is inflammation of the joint(s) due to the introduction of an infectious agent. This type of arthritis can affect pigs of all ages and typically has a bacterial cause. Possible causes include Actinobacillus parasuis, Haemophilus parasuis, E. coli., Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Streptococcus spp, and Staphylococcus spp. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent chronic mobility issues. In some cases, the joint may be red, swollen, hot, and possibly open and oozing. However, in other cases, the individual may be lame without obvious outward signs of infection. Be sure to work closely with your veterinarian if a resident is showing signs of mobility issues and to discuss the possibility of septic arthritis. Septic arthritis can be difficult to treat and typically requires prolonged systemic antibiotic treatment along with analgesics. The use of antibiotic-soaked gauze or impregnated beads may be recommended to deliver the antibiotics to the infected joint. Septic arthritis can cause permanent joint damage and predispose the individual to degenerative joint disease. Even following resolution of the infection, the individual may continue to have mobility issues and may require ongoing analgesics.
Pigs with mobility issues should be evaluated by a veterinarian to determine the underlying cause and to rule out any infection. Your veterinarian will be able to recommend a treatment plan based on the specific cause, which should include some sort of pain management. They may recommend a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as carprofen, buffered aspirin, meloxicam, or Banamine, and may suggest a chondroprotective agent such as Adequan to help repair joint cartilage and soothe inflammation. Because pigs are prone to gastric ulcers, individuals who are on prolonged NSAID treatment should also be on a gastroprotectant. For more information on managing arthritis in older pigs, check out our resource here.
Sources:
Arthritis and Associated Etiologic Agents | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Arthritis | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Atrophic Rhinitis
This complex infectious disease causes sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, and inflammation of the tear ducts which may result in tear staining. In severe cases, pigs may develop nose bleeds. Affected individuals may develop twisted or shortened noses due to atrophy which may cause individuals to have trouble eating. While Bordetella bronchiseptica can cause atrophic rhinitis, this form is considered “nonprogressive” or “regressive” and is not as severe as the progressive form which is caused by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida (typically type D). Lesions from nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis can heal over time, but damage from progressive atrophic rhinitis is permanent. Toxigenic P. multocida is less widespread than B. bronchiseptica, and while it typically affects piglets, mature pigs who have not been exposed previously could be affected. Atrophic rhinitis is associated with agricultural settings that have large populations crammed together with poor sanitation and inadequate ventilation and is probably not likely to occur in a sanctuary setting with proper care practices. However, you may find yourself welcoming in a pig with an active infection or with permanent damage to their nose from a previous infection. If this is the case, be sure to consult with your veterinarian for guidance. There are vaccines available that can help protect against this disease.
Sources:
Atrophic Rhinitis in Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Atrophic Rhinitis (Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Atrophic Rhinitis (AR) | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Atrophic Rhinitis | Polymicrobial Diseases (Non-Compassionate Source)
Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis)
This infectious disease is rare in domesticated pigs in the U.S. due to nationwide control programs, but wild pig populations continue to be affected which can result in spread to domesticated pig herds living in close contact with wild populations. Brucellosis is a zoonotic diseaseAny disease or illness that can be spread between nonhuman animals and humans. caused by the bacterium Brucella suis. Affected pigs develop a bacteremia (presence of bacteria in the blood) that can last for 90 days and can result in bacteria localizing in certain tissues, bones, or joints. The site of this localization will affect the clinical signs presented. Mobility issues such as lameness, paralysis of the back legs, and spondylitis are possible signs, as are various reproductive issues that may not be apparent in a sanctuary setting since residents should not be allowed to breed.
Brucellosis is transmitted from pig-to-pig by ingestion of infected tissues or fluids and can also be spread via semen during mating. It’s also possible for the disease to be transmitted via the conjunctiva, nasal mucus membranes, or through abrasions on the skin. Brucellosis is a notifiable disease in the U.S. and testing is often a requirement for interstate travel. If your veterinarian has diagnosed brucellosis, consult with your human physician regarding the risk of transmission to yourself and the symptoms you should watch for (and encourage others who have had contact with the individual to do the same). There are no vaccines available to prevent this disease.
Sources:
Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
What is Swine Brucellosis | USDAThe United States Department of Agriculture, a government department that oversees agriculture and farmed animals. (Non-Compassionate Source)
Brucellosis in Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Chronic Kidney Failure
Chronic kidney failure is a common cause of death in older mini pigThe term “mini pig” is used to categorize smaller breeds of pigs, such as Potbellies, Julianas, and Kunekunes, and to differentiate between these breeds and large breed pigs, such as Yorkshires, Landrace, or Hampshires, who are sometimes referred to as “farm pigs”. The descriptor “mini” can be a bit misleading- some breeds of mini pigs can weigh over 200 pounds! Terms like “teacup”, “micro”, “pocket”, “nano”, and “micro mini” are deceptive terms that are sometimes used to intentionally mislead people into thinking an individual pig will remain a certain size. breeds and can also affect large breedDomesticated animal breeds that have been selectively bred by humans to grow as large as possible, as quickly as possible, to the detriment of their health. pigs. Individuals with chronic kidney failure may be lethargic, have a low body temperature, and their breath may smell like ammonia. They may be reluctant to eat and show signs of dehydration. Bloodwork and urinalysis can be used to diagnose this condition. If one of your residents is in chronic kidney failure, talk to your veterinarian about the best course of action. While the disease cannot be cured, there may be certain measures that can help improve or maintain the individual’s quality of life. This may include changing any current medications that could be hard on the kidneys and implementing regular fluid therapy.
Source:
Diseases Of Miniature Pet Pigs | Merck Manual
Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)
Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is a highly contagious viral disease that can affect wild and domesticated pigs of all ages. CSF is caused by a Pestivirus that is closely related to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Border Disease Virus (BDV). The most virulent form can result in morbidity and mortality rates that approach 100%. Less virulent forms have varying degrees of severity. The disease has been eradicated in some countries, including the U.S., but is endemic in certain countries in Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Asia. CSF is endemic in wild boar populations in Europe which can then result in infection in domesticated pigs. The virus is most often spread through direct contact and is shed in saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and feces. Chronic carriers may shed the virus without showing clinical signs of disease. Mechanical transmission via vehicles, equipment, humans, and other fomites coming into contact with infected individuals is also possible. Though it should not be an issue in a sanctuary setting, feeding pigs food that contains contaminated pig flesh is another source of infection.
Signs of acute infections vary but include fever, ataxiaThe presence of abnormal, uncoordinated movements., hemorrhages, and discoloration of the skin – typically in the ears, lower abdomen, and extremities. Sick individuals may huddle together, become dull, weak, and less interested in food, and may have conjunctivitisConjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye.. Individuals may first become constipated and then develop diarrhea. Acute infection caused by virulent strains typically results in death within 10 days of infection. Diagnostic testing is required to confirm a CSF diagnosis. There is no treatment for CSF, and positive cases must be reported. In countries considered free of CSF, outbreaks will likely result in the government-mandated killing of both infected and exposed individuals in an attempt to prevent further spread. Prophylactic vaccination is used in countries in which CSF is endemic but is often prohibited in countries that are considered free of the disease.
Sources:
Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Classical Swine Fever (CSF) | World Organisation For Animal Health (Non-Compassionate Source)
Classical Swine Fever | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is an infection caused by a parasitic protozoa. In piglets, coccidiosis is usually caused by Isospora suis. Piglets who are between 1 and 3 weeks of age are most commonly affected. Piglets with coccidiosis will develop diarrhea that is watery or pasty, and they may become weak and dehydrated, struggle to gain weight, and have a rough-looking coat. In more severe cases piglets can die from the disease. There are also multiple species of Eimeria that can affect pigs, though Eimeria spp. are more often found in older pigs than in piglets and rarely cause clinical disease.
Fecal testing can sometimes confirm coccidiosis, but if taken too early or too late in the disease process may not reveal many oocysts (eggs). Collecting fecal samples two to three days after an individual is showing signs of illness may be best. Parasitic worms, as well as viral or bacterial infections, can also cause diarrhea in young piglets, so be sure to work with your veterinarian to determine the cause and appropriate treatment. Piglets can be infected with other diseases concurrently, so it will be important to address all causes of illness. Proper sanitation should prevent issues with coccidiosis at your sanctuary, but piglets rescued from unsanitary conditions may arrive with the disease.
Sources:
Coccidiosis of Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Coccidiosis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Dental Disease
Just like many other animals, pigs can develop dental issues, especially as they age. This may include tartar build-up, gingivitis, abscessed teeth, and periodontal disease. Male pigs are especially prone to tusk abscesses. Signs of dental issues may include difficulty eating (including dropping food) or bad breath. Dental issues can cause other health challenges, so be sure to consult with your veterinarian if you suspect one of your residents has dental issues. Veterinary university hospitals typically have animal dentistry services, so in the event that an individual needs to have a dental work-up, your regular veterinarian should be able to refer you to a dentist.
Sources:
Management Of Miniature Pet Pigs | Merck Manual
Mini Pig Dental Information | Mini Pig Info
Dippity Pig Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme)
This disease, which is sometimes called Bleeding Back Syndrome, affects younger pigs and is most prevalent in the spring, though it can occur any time of year. Not much is known about the exact cause of this disease, but it appears to be brought about by stress, with sun exposure and sunburn being possible triggers. Onset of clinical signs is very sudden with pigs who appear to be fine suddenly falling down on their back legs intermittently (referred to as “dipping”) and squealing in pain. Another common sign associated with Dippity Pig Syndrome is a pig taking a few steps backward before they collapse in their back legs. In some cases, the individual may tuck their tail and dip their back end without fully collapsing. These episodes often appear as if the pig is “dipping” in response to a painful stimulus they are trying to get away from. Affected pigs may also have skin lesions.
There is no definitive treatment for this syndrome. Clinical signs typically disappear within 1-3 days, though some individuals may have recurring episodes later on. Young pigs who have been affected, even multiple times, typically do not have episodes as adults. If one of your residents is showing signs of this syndrome, be sure to consult with your veterinarian regarding treatment and to rule out other possible causes of their clinical signs. The most common recommendation is moving the individual to a comfortable space, reducing their stress as much as possible until they are no longer having episodes, and managing their pain with proper analgesics. If they have open skin lesions or sunburn, those will need to be treated as well.
Sources:
Common Diseases Of Pet Pigs | Matthew Edson, DVM, MICP
Dippity Pig Syndrome | North American Pet Pig Association
Dippity Pig Syndrome/Bleeding Back Syndrome | Pig Advocates League
Dry Skin
There are a variety of conditions that can cause skin issues in pigs including mange, lice, ringworm, sunburn, skin cancer, erysipelas, Actinobacillus suis, greasy pig, dippity pig syndrome, and pox. Pigs can also develop dry, itchy skin without a more sinister underlying cause. Mini pigsThe term “mini pig” is used to categorize smaller breeds of pigs, such as Potbellies, Julianas, and Kunekunes, and to differentiate between these breeds and large breed pigs, such as Yorkshires, Landrace, or Hampshires, who are sometimes referred to as “farm pigs”. The descriptor “mini” can be a bit misleading- some breeds of mini pigs can weigh over 200 pounds! Terms like “teacup”, “micro”, “pocket”, “nano”, and “micro mini” are deceptive terms that are sometimes used to intentionally mislead people into thinking an individual pig will remain a certain size. seem to be especially prone to this issue. Be sure to discuss any skin issues with your veterinarian to make sure it is not a sign of a more serious issue. You can talk to your veterinarian about increasing your residents’ fatty acid intake (while being careful not to cause unhealthy weight gain) to help address skin issues, or they may be able to recommend topical treatments to help moisturize the skin.
Sources:
Diseases Of Miniature Pet Pigs | Merck Manual
Hoof Cracks & Dry Skin | California Potbellied Pig Association, Inc.
Ear Hematoma
If a pig suffers a trauma to their ear, they may develop an ear hematoma. This could be the result of being bitten by another pig, another type of injury, or trauma caused by forceful headshaking. In the case of headshaking, if it is forceful enough and constant enough to result in a hematoma, there is likely an underlying issue causing the pig discomfort. This might be from mange, lice, an ear infection, or another issue inside the ear. It’s important to address the underlying issue in addition to the hematoma itself. Whatever the original cause of the trauma, subcutaneous hemorrhage results in a large, fluid-filled ear pinnaThe visible part of the outer ear (singular) (the visible part of the ear, or ear flap). In most cases, it’s best to leave the ear alone, but you should consult with your veterinarian for guidance. Attempting to drain the ear can result in bacteria being introduced into the ear which could then result in an infection. Ear hematomas typically resolve on their own, but this could take many weeks or even months. In most cases, the ear will become hard, thickened, and misshapen. In severe cases, amputation of the pinna may be recommended.
Sources:
Aural (Ear) Hematoma | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Haematoma | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Ear Infections
Typically the result of a Haemophilus parasuis, streptococci, or staphylococci, ear infections in pigs can become life-threatening, so early diagnosis and intervention are imperative. Signs of a middle ear infection include head tilting toward one side, head shaking, and signs of discomfort. As the infection progresses, the pig may begin circling or show signs of incoordination, and they may have jerky eye movements. In advanced cases, the pig may have convulsions and may tilt their head so severely they cannot remain upright. The infection can spread to the inner ear and then the brain, resulting in meningitis or encephalitis. A CT scan may be recommended in order to assess the inner ear and inside the skull. If caught early, ear infections can resolve with appropriate antibiotic treatment.
Source:
Common Health Problems Affecting Mini-Pigs – Part 1 | VCA Animal Hospital
Middle Ear Infections | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Erysipelas
Erysipelas is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a bacteria that is carried by an estimated 50% of pigs raised in intensive commercial agricultural settings. While pigs can remain healthy carriers and never develop clinical signs of disease, they can spread the disease in their feces and secretions from their mouth and nose. Pigs become infected by consuming food or water that has been contaminated with the bacteria and can also become infected if the bacteria comes into contact with cuts or open wounds on their body, though ingestion of contaminated food or water appears to be the most common cause of infection. Empirical evidence suggests that the disease can also be spread by biting insects such as ticks and flies.
Erysipelas can cause acute and chronic disease in pigs. Acute erysipelas causes high fever, and red or blue skin, especially on the head, ears, abdomen, and legs. Affected pigs are often alert but will not eat and are painful on their legs. They may need assistance standing and will show obvious signs of pain including shifting of weight, stiff legs, vocalizing, and laying down as much as possible. They may develop raised diamond-shaped red or purple skin lesions. Lesions can become necrotic resulting in the skin sloughing off. Affected pigs can also develop septicemia, and in some cases the disease can cause sudden death without presenting obvious signs of illness. Chronic erysipelas can cause enlarged, painful joints, lameness, and endocarditis. In some cases, pigs with chronic erysipelas will develop purple skin lesions as well. Erysipelas is not the only disease that can cause these types of skin lesions – other diseases such as Actinobacillus suis, classical swine fever, and porcine dermatitisDermatitis refers to skin irritation. This may include itchy, dry skin or a rash on swollen, reddened skin. It may also cause the skin to blister, ooze, crust or flake and nephropathy syndrome can cause similar lesions.
Diagnoses are typically made based on clinical signs and the individual’s response to treatment, which is often high doses of Penicillin, though there are other antibiotics that can be used to treat erysipelas. Individuals with a high fever can be treated with an NSAID such as Banamine to help bring the fever down. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian whenever your residents are showing signs of illness as they will be able to help diagnose the issue and suggest treatment options that are appropriate for the individual. There are other diagnostics that can be performed to help confirm an erysipelas diagnosis, including cultures of the blood and certain tissues, but negative cultures do not mean that the bacteria is not present, and therefore these tests should not be used as a means to rule out the disease. Chronic disease is more difficult to diagnose than the acute form. Individuals with acute infections who are treated early have a better prognosis than those with chronic infections. Pigs who recover from erysipelas can remain carriers. There are vaccines available; however, the live vaccine can cause pigs to become sick and develop signs of chronic disease. Always consult with your veterinarian about the best vaccination protocols for your residents.
Sources:
Swine Erysipelas | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Erysipelas | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
External Abscesses
Abscesses are pockets of pus that can develop internally or externally. They can develop in any area of the body, but some common sites for pigs include their feet, face, and neck. Abscesses can form for a variety of reasons, including infections, poor wound management, and benign reactions to vaccinations or injectable medications. Abscesses can also form as a result of specific diseases.
Internal abscesses require more advanced diagnostics, but in the event of a suspected external abscess, it should be first evaluated by a veterinarian or experienced caregiverSomeone who provides daily care, specifically for animal residents at an animal sanctuary, shelter, or rescue. – if appropriate, they can aspirate the lump to determine if it is an abscess or not. Depending on the location, size, and whether or not the pig is displaying other signs of concern, your veterinarian may decide to lance the abscess. In most cases, a culture will be recommended so that your veterinarian can determine the best course of action. If you have not been trained to identify and lance an abscess, you must work closely with your veterinarian. Not all external lumps are abscesses, and cutting into tumors or other masses or structures could result in serious issues. Also be aware that any abscess on the neck or near major blood vessels should always be evaluated by a veterinarian. In these instances, it may be too dangerous to lance the abscess due to the risk of major bleeding. If an abscess is found on the foot (they are especially common at the coronary band), you should work with your veterinarian to have radiographs taken. Unfortunately, often by the time an abscess is found in the foot, there is typically some sort of bone involvement requiring immediate and aggressive treatment.
Source:
Abscesses | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Foot Infections (Bush Foot)
Damage to the hoof, possibly from hoof cracks or trauma to the sole of the foot, allows bacteria to enter into the foot which can result in the formation of an abscess. Because of the makeup of the hoof, the abscess will often, but not always, eventually result in swelling at the coronary band (where the top of the hoof meets the skin). In some cases, the abscess may burst in this area, resulting in discharge. Pigs who have been severely lame due to a foot abscess will often show some sign of relief after the abscess has burst because it relieves pressure in the foot. Unlike in many other mammalian farmed animalA species or specific breed of animal that is raised by humans for the use of their bodies or what comes from their bodies. species, once signs of a foot infection are obvious, the infection may have already spread to the bone (causing osteomyelitis). Also, while some foot infections will result in liquid pus and drainage, many times the pus is dry, making it impossible to drain out of the foot. In these instances, surgical debridement will be necessary.
The first sign of a foot infection is typically a change in gait, which may start out rather subtle and become more severe as the infection progresses. The absence of heat, swelling, or discharge does not mean there is no infection present. Be sure to work closely with your veterinarian if one of your pig residents develops a limp or has swelling in their foot. Early and aggressive treatment is imperative, but in some cases surgical intervention may be necessary. Antibiotic treatment must consider not just the causative organism’s susceptibility to the medication, but also the ability of the medication to penetrate the foot – Clavamox is a common choice, but your veterinarian will be able to recommend the best treatment options given the specifics of each individual case.
To prevent foot infections, it’s important to address environmental factors that could result in damage to the hoof. These include abrasive substrates and overly wet conditions. If pigs are constantly standing in wet areas, the hoof will become soft and will be more vulnerable to damage, so make sure they have plenty of dry areas available to them. It is also important to ensure hoof health and to keep hooves properly trimmed. Pigs should be checked regularly for signs of hoof cracks, and these should be addressed immediately. Some sanctuaries supplement their residents with biotin to help promote hoof health – talk to your veterinarian about whether or not supplementation would benefit your residents. Lastly, because excessive weight will put additional strain on a pig’s feet, maintaining residents at a healthy weight is also important.
Sources:
Lameness in Pigs in Grower/Finisher Areas | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Septic Laminitis (Bush Foot) | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Frostbite
Frostbite is a localized injury resulting from the freezing and thawing of tissues. In pigs, the ears, tail, and feet are most likely to be affected, though entire limbs could also become frostbitten. Providing your residents with a draft-free indoor space with proper ventilation and ample dry bedding can go a long way in preventing frostbite, but during times of extreme cold, you may need to also restrict your pig residents’ access to the outdoors (while still providing ample ventilation) and make changes to their daily routine. For example, if residents are typically fed outside, you’ll want to feed them indoors when temperatures are dangerously cold. Unlike many other farmed animal sanctuary species, pigs have very little protection in terms of a hair coat. If there is a temperature advisory regarding the risk of frostbite for humans, then it’s also too cold for pigs!
Prevention of frostbite is key. Be sure to keep your residents protected and keep a close eye on everyone for early signs of frostbite. Affected skin may first look pale, but will then turn red and become swollen. In severe cases, skin will become necrotic, turning black, hard, and cold before sloughing off. It can take weeks for the line of demarcation between viable and necrotic tissue to develop. Preservation of tissue is most likely if frostbite is caught early and treatment is started immediately.
If you suspect frostbite, be sure to consult with your veterinarian for guidance. Please note that while it was once recommended to massage the affected area, this is likely to cause further trauma. If an individual developed frostbite at your sanctuary (versus a new rescue who arrives with frostbite), be sure to check others living in the same space and to take steps to keep the space warmer, drier, and better ventilated. Your veterinarian can make specific recommendations for individuals with frostbite depending on the area affected and the suspected extent of the damage (remember, it takes weeks to fully understand the extent of the damage). Frostbite is painful, so they will likely prescribe pain medications but may feel additional treatments, such as antibiotics to prevent or manage secondary infection, or topical treatments are necessary.
Sources:
Frostbite | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Diseases Of Swine, 11th Edition (Non-Compassionate Source)
Gastric Ulcers
Gastric ulcers in pigs are not uncommon, but certain factors can put pigs at an increased risk of developing them. Nutritional and environmental factors, as well as certain diseases, can increase a pig’s risk of developing a gastric ulcer, but in a sanctuary setting, where individuals are provided lifelong care and may develop chronic, painful conditions as they age, the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can also be a contributing factor. Because pigs are prone to gastric ulcers, it’s important to talk with your veterinarian about how to reduce this risk if they necessitate long-term use of an NSAID (or if they require steroid treatment). Information provided by the University of Minnesota recommends administering omeprazole to “pet pigs” who require continued NSAID treatment in order to reduce the risk of gastric ulcers.
Always be on the lookout for signs of gastric ulcers, both in individuals who are on NSAID treatments as well as those who are not. Signs of a gastric ulcer include teeth grinding (due to pain), dark tarry stool, vomiting, and possibly a pale appearance. Individuals may appear excited to eat but will push around their food rather than eat it. Contact your veterinarian immediately if you suspect a gastric ulcer, and if they are on an NSAID treatment, discontinue this immediately.
Sources:
Swine Analgesia, Sedation And Anesthesia | University Of Minnesota Libraries
Ulceration of the Pars Oesophagea (Gastric Ulcers; Ulcers) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Gastric Ulcers In Pigs | Merck Veterinary Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative Epidermitis)
Greasy Pig Disease is a bacterial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus hyicus. This bacterium is commonly found on pigs’ skin without causing disease, but damage to the skin from injury or another disease (such as mange) can result in the development of Greasy Pig Disease. Pigs of any age can be affected, but the disease is most commonly seen, and is also most severe, in piglets under 8 weeks of age (and can be fatal, especially in piglets who are just a few days old). In piglets, the disease typically manifests as reddened skin that then develops brown or black scabbing starting in the area of the neck and shoulders and then spreading to other areas, though in some cases the lesions may start at the feet and spread up the legs. Piglets may become lethargic and depressed with a decreased appetite. Mature pigs can develop a chronic form of the condition, with lesions typically occurring on their back. Greasy Pig lesions start off oozy and then become crusty but are not itchy. An affected pig’s skin will become discolored and greasy, hence the name.
The condition is often diagnosed based on the appearance of the lesions, but a culture can confirm the diagnosis and help identify the best antibiotics to use. Treatment consists of systemic antibiotics and sometimes topical antibiotic treatments as well. Cleaning the skin with a pig-safe disinfectant can also be helpful. In young piglets with Greasy Pig, it is important to ensure they stay properly hydrated, and they may need an electrolyte supplement as well. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian if you suspect one of your residents has Greasy Pig, especially if you suspect the disease in a piglet. The younger the piglet, the higher the risk of death, so consult with your veterinarian immediately. Proper sanitation and ventilation, as well as protecting pigs from injury can help prevent this disease.
Sources:
Exudative Epidermitis – Greasy Pig | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative Epidermitis) | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Greasy Pig Disease | National Animal Disease Information Service (Non-Compassionate Source)
Heat Stress And Heat-Related Illness
Pigs do not sweat, and that, combined with their large body size and relatively small lung capacity, makes them more vulnerable to heat stress, which can then lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke. High temperatures, as well as high humidity levels, contribute to heat-related illness in pigs – as the humidity rises, the temperature at which a pig may be vulnerable to heat stress lowers.
Signs of heat stress and other heat-related illness include panting, skin that feels very warm to the touch, an elevated rectal temperature (though after an initial fever, their temperature may actually decrease), lethargy, decreased appetite, an increase in water consumption and urination, diarrhea, muscle tremors, and weakness. They may show signs of dehydration such as pale, dry gums, and may begin vomiting. Without proper intervention, they may collapse and have seizures.
It’s important to be constantly on the lookout for signs of overheating and to take steps to help cool them down as needed. If you suspect one of your pig residents is experiencing heat stress or other heat-related illness, contact your veterinarian immediately and take immediate steps to start gradually cooling them off. If you can, move them out of the sun, or if this is not possible, find a way to protect them from the sun where they are (perhaps by hanging sheets or tarps to keep their surrounding area shaded). Aiming a fan at them and hosing them off with cool (but not overly cold) water will help bring their body temperature down. Using very cold water carries the risk of shocking their system. In arid climates, some recommend applying rubbing alcohol along their spine and legs – it will evaporate quickly, which will help lower their body temperature. Be sure to avoid their face, as well as any wounds, and only use rubbing alcohol in a well-ventilated space. You can also apply ice packs to their neck, armpits, and groin area. Heat-related illness can be fatal, and even once you’ve brought their body temperature down, they may require further intervention to combat dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and other complications, so be sure to consult with your veterinarian for guidance.
Prevention is key – make sure your pig residents’ indoor living space has an appropriate cooling system for your climate and that there is ample ventilation. In some areas, industrial fans with simple mister attachments may be enough. In hotter climates, you may need a more extensive system. While your residents will enjoy having access to straw, when temperatures are hot, it can be helpful to go lighter on the bedding. You may even want to keep certain areas clear of bedding entirely, as pigs may prefer to lay on a bare dirt floor when temperatures are hot. Outdoors, make sure your residents have access to plenty of shade as well as mud wallows, ponds, or shallow tubs of cool water that they can easily get in and out of.
Sources:
Diseases Of Miniature Pet Pigs | Merck Manual
How To Recognize Your Pig May Be In Distress From Being Overheated/Heat Stroke | Mini Pig Info
Heat Stroke | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Heat Stress In Pigs | Government Of Western Australia Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development (Non-Compassionate Source)
Hernias
Hernias are quite common in pigs. Most information available regarding hernias in pigs pertains to umbilical and inguinal hernias, though they can develop hernias in other areas of their body as well. It is not uncommon for sanctuaries to be contacted about piglets with hernias, especially if the piglet’s guardian cannot afford to get them veterinary attention but wants the best outcome for the individual. Scrotal hernias may be discovered when male residents are neutered. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian regarding proper treatment for hernias. In some cases, surgical repair will be recommended, but the risk of reherniation can be high. Depending on the size of the hernia, strangulation of the intestines can be a risk.
Female pigs are very prone to herniation following an open spay surgery, which is why we recommend a laparoscopic procedure whenever possible. If an open surgery is your only option, be sure to talk with your veterinarian about the risk of herniation and how to best prevent this issue.
Sources:
Hernias, Inguinal And Umbilical | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Hernias | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Hoof Cracks
Hoof cracks can be a common issue in sanctuary pig residents. Hoof cracks can be caused by trauma, improper hoof care (such as letting hooves become overgrown), environmental conditions (such as overly hard flooring), and can also be the result of a nutritional issue (such as biotin deficiency). Cracks can range from shallow/mild to deep/severe. Vertical cracks may originate at the coronary band or where the hoof meets the ground while walking and may be short or run the entire length of the claw. Deep cracks can result in lameness, inflammation, and infection. Vertical cracks associated with the coronary band are especially concerning because they can result in infection deep in the foot. Be sure to contact your veterinarian if one of your residents has a deep vertical crack, a crack originating at the coronary band, or a hoof crack plus lameness, sensitivity, discharge, heat, or other concerning findings. They can evaluate the individual and make treatment recommendations. If infection is a concern, radiographs may be recommended to assess bone involvement.
Residents should be monitored regularly for hoof cracks so they can be addressed early on. While shallow hoof cracks may be able to be buffed out entirely using a rotary tool with a sanding attachment, deeper hoof cracks will not. However, carefully smoothing out rough edges can help prevent rough edges from being caught on something and torn. You must take care not to sand too deeply or you will hit sensitive tissue. Cracked hooves should be kept clean and the use of a topical treatment to help protect the crack from bacteria may be beneficial – talk to your veterinarian about what they recommend. Be sure to keep a close eye out for signs of infection, especially heat or swelling at the coronary band. Work closely with your veterinarian and/or a farrierSomeone who provides hoof trimming and care, especially for horses or cows who is willing to see pigs. They will be able to advise you about the best course of action including treatments to prevent (or manage) hoof cracks and infections.
Hoof health is a crucial aspect of pig care. If hoof cracks are a common issue with your residents, you should look into the possible cause and work to address it. This may include evaluating their living space for substrates or objects in the space that result in trauma to the hoof, evaluating their diet for possible deficiencies, and reassessing your hoof care practices.
Sources:
Hoof Cracks & Dry Skin | California Potbellied Pig Association, Inc.
Hoof Moisture For Pigs | The Mini Pig Farrier
Practical Understanding of Claw Lesions | Sarel Van Amstel, BVSc, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Non-Compassionate Source)
Integumentary System: The Feet, Hoof, And Claw from Diseases Of Swine, 11th Edition (page 306) (Non-Compassionate Source)
Influenza (Swine Flu)
This highly contagious respiratory disease is caused by type A Influenza viruses. Influenza is common in North and South America, Europe, and parts of Asia, and has also been reported in Africa. While outbreaks can occur at any time of year, in North America, they are most common in fall or winter (and are particularly common at the onset of cold weather). Though humans have been affected by Swine Flu, spread to humans is rare.
Influenza spreads rapidly through affected herds and is spread primarily by aerosolized virus, direct contact, and contaminated fomites. The severity of the disease can range from subclinical to acute. An acute outbreak typically involves sudden onset and rapid spread. Clinical signs include high fever, depression, inappetence, coughing, nasal and ocular discharge, labored breathing, weakness, and prostration. Though morbidity is high, mortality is usually low, unless there are concurrent infections. Uncomplicated infections typically resolve within 3-7 days and recovery from obvious illness is just as sudden as the onset.
While there is no specific treatment for swine flu, antimicrobials may be used to prevent or treat secondary infections, and expectorants and anti-inflammatory drugs can help provide relief to sick individuals. It’s important to create a comfortable environment and make sure food and water are readily accessible while individuals are suffering from influenza. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian if your residents are showing signs of influenza, as they can recommend diagnostic testing as well as specific treatment plans. There are vaccines available, but you should work with your veterinarian to determine whether or not vaccination is warranted, and if so, which vaccine will be best for your residents.
Sources:
Key Facts About Swine Influenza (Swine Flu) In Pigs | Centers For Disease Control And Prevention
Swine Influenza | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Influenza | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Diseases Of Swine, 11th Edition (Non-Compassionate Source)
Swine Influenza | World Organisation For Animal Health (Non-Compassionate Source)
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a contagious bacterial disease that can affect pigs as well as most mammals, including humans. There are many different serovars that can affect pigs, including Leptospira interrogans (serovars Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Bratislava), Leptospira borgpetersenii (serovars Sejroe and Tarassovi), and Leptospira kirschneri (serovar Grippotyphosa). Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, with serovar Pomona carrying the greatest zoonotic risk.
Chronic leptospirosis can cause serious reproductive issues, making it a major concern in agricultural settings. Often, it is the occurrence of abortions, stillbirths, and premature piglets that triggers concerns of leptospirosis. In agricultural settings, signs of leptospirosis often go unnoticed in mature, non-breeding pigs, but a caregiver who closely observes their residents regularly may notice a mild fever or inappetence in affected individuals. Very young piglets may become jaundiced, struggle to gain weight, develop hemolytic anemiaAnemia is a condition in which you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body's tissues. and hemoglobinuria, and some may even have convulsions. Many pathogenic serovars of Leptospira localize in the kidneys which can cause damage and result in kidney failure.
Affected pigs can spread the disease in their urine which can contaminate water sources and mud wallows. Other animals can also be a source of exposure, including rats and mice, which is yet another reason why it is important to take steps to prevent infestations and to keep living spaces clean. For more information on compassionate strategies to prevent issues with rat and mouse populations, check out our resource here. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian if you suspect leptospirosis. Leptospirosis can be treated with antibiotic therapy, and your veterinarian can determine the most appropriate treatment plan. There are also vaccines that your veterinarian may recommend.
Sources:
Leptospirosis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Leptospirosis | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Leptospirosis | Pig Progress (Non-Compassionate Source)
Lice
There is only one species of lice that affects pigs – Haematopinus suis, also called the pig louse (or hog louse). H. suis is a blood-sucking parasite that only affects pigs. Though humans working closely with an infected pig may find pig lice on them afterward, they can not survive more than a few days without a pig host. Pig lice are large – up to 6mm long. This, plus the fact the pigs have much less hair than other farmed animal sanctuary residents, makes detection easier than in other species. Pigs with lice infestations (pediculosis) may have lice all over their body, but the most common areas to find lice are the ears (where they often live), neck, and inner part of their legs. Pigs with lice infestations may appear restless, itchy, and agitated. They may lose their hair and develop dermatitis from constant scratching and rubbing. Young piglets could become dangerously anemic, but this is not usually an issue for mature pigs. Lice are vectors for various diseases, including swinepox, African Swine Fever, and eperythrozoonosis. Ivermectin is often effective at eliminating pig lice, but your veterinarian will be able to provide a specific treatment plan.
Sources:
Louse Infestation (Pediculosis) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Ectoparasites | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Mange
Mange is a skin condition caused by a mite infestation. Pigs can be affected by two types of mange – sarcoptic mange and demodectic mange.
Sarcoptic Mange
Caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var suis, this is the more common type of mange that affects pigs. Though it is sometimes called “scabies,” the mite that causes sarcoptic mange in pigs is not the same as the mite that causes scabies in humans. Humans coming into direct contact with pigs with severe mange could get mites on them, and these mites can cause skin irritation, but they cannot reproduce on a human and will die within a few days. S. scabiei var suis mites are spread from pig to pig via direct contact or through fomites or a contaminated environment. After being introduced to a pig, these mites typically colonize the inside of the ear and then spread to the rest of the body. These mites burrow into the skin to lay their eggs, causing irritation resulting in frequent rubbing, scratching, and head shaking of affected pigs. In many pigs, an allergic hypersensitivity develops 2-3 weeks later, resulting in even more rubbing and scratching, which causes further damage to the skin. Affected pigs will develop thickened, wrinkled skin that may have white or gray patches. Mites can be confirmed via skin scrapings, with the inside of the ear being the best location to sample. Even if only a few pigs are showing signs of mange, all members of the herd (and neighboring herds who may have been exposed) should be treated. Your veterinarian will be able to recommend an appropriate treatment. Because treatment options do not kill mite eggs, treatments should be repeated 10-14 days after the initial treatment.
Demodectic Mange
Caused by Demodex phylloides, demodectic mange is fairly rare in domesticated pigs. D. phylloides typically affects the area around the eyes, mouth, nose, neck, and inner thighs. This type of mange can cause the skin to turn red and can also result in the development of pustules and alopeciaAlopecia is the loss of hair, wool, or feathers.. These pustules may be confused with swine pox. Treatment of demodectic mange can be difficult – consult with your veterinarian about the best course of action.
Sources:
Scabies Frequently Asked Questions | Centers For Disease Control
Pig Mites: Biology, Prevention And Control. Pig Mange. Sarcoptes, Demodex | Parasitipedia
Mange in Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Mange (Sarcoptic Mange) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Ectoparasites | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus can cause various health issues, and, like humans, pigs can get Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, referred to as MRSA (or Livestock-Associated MRSA, LA-MRSA). MRSA can be present in a healthy pig’s nasal passages and on their skin. Colonization of MRSA does not necessarily result in clinical disease, but MRSA can be the cause of various issues including abscesses, skin conditions, septic arthritis, and bone infections. The only way to determine that MRSA is the cause, rather than a more sensitive S. aureus, is through antibiotic sensitivity testing. Treatment of pigs with clinical disease from MRSA can be complicated – your veterinarian can make recommendations based on antimicrobial sensitivity results, the location and severity of infection, and other factors.
In general, it’s always recommended that you wear gloves when working with residents who have skin issues, open wounds, discharge, or other signs of infection, but given the fact that MRSA has the potential for zoonotic transmission, proper safety protocols are imperative. Be sure to work closely with your veterinarian to ensure you have appropriate safety measures in place and also to ensure you are utilizing antimicrobial therapy appropriately. Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials contribute to resistance issues.
Sources:
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) | Pig Progress (Non-Compassionate Source)
MRSA and LivestockAnother term for farmed animals; different regions of the world specify different species of farmed animals as “livestock”. Production | Purdue University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Increased Antimicrobial Resistance of MRSA Strains Isolated from Pigs in Spain between 2009 and 2018 (Non-Compassionate Source)
Diseases Of Swine, 11th Edition (Non-Compassionate Source)
A Review Of New Emerging Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus From Pig FarmsFor-profit organizations focused on the production and sale of plant and/or animal products. | Veterinary World (Non-Compassionate Source)
Obesity
Many large breed pigs and mini pigs are prone to obesity. Because of this, it is imperative that they be fed managed portions to help them maintain a healthy weight. Obesity can cause a host of health challenges and can exacerbate others. While mobility issues are a common issue in sanctuary pigs, these issues will often develop at an earlier age in residents who are overweight. In addition to affecting mobility, obese pigs can develop mechanical blindness (often called “fat blindness”) due to excessive fat around their eyes. This issue is especially common in potbellied pigs, but can affect other breeds as well.
Source:
Common Diseases Of Pet Pigs | Matthew Edson, DVM, MICP
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitisan infectious usually painful inflammatory disease of bone often of bacterial origin that may result in the death of bone tissue. is an inflammatory process that affects the tissues of the bone and is typically the result of infection. Pigs of all ages can be affected by osteomyelitis. While there are a variety of causes, in sanctuary residents, one common cause is damage to the hoof wall resulting in osteomyelitis of a phalangeal bone(s). Individuals showing signs of lameness, even if slight, should be evaluated by a veterinarian. In some cases, even when there are no outward signs of infection, radiographs will reveal bony involvement. While claw amputation used to be the primary surgical option, this procedure often results in the remaining claw breaking down due to the excess weight it must now carry. Depending on which foot/claw is affected, this procedure may not have a good long-term prognosis. Instead, surgical debridement, removing the infected bone, and creating drainage tracts, sometimes in conjunction with antibiotic-impregnated beads, may allow for the infection to be addressed while preserving the claw. Be sure to talk about all options with your veterinarian.
Osteomyelitis can be difficult to treat, and foot infections are unfortunately quite common in large breed pigs, but the bones of the foot are not the only areas that can be affected. Another area commonly affected is the spine. Tail infections (typically the result of tail biting) can result in the formation of spinal abscesses which can lead to osteomyelitis of the vertebrae. This can result in ataxia and even hind-end paralysis. Clavamox is a commonly used antibiotic in pigs who have infections in or near the bone, but whenever possible, antibiotic therapy should be informed by culture results to ensure the right drug is used. Always consult with your veterinarian regarding the best treatment options given the specifics of each individual case.
Sources:
Lameness in Pigs in Grower/Finisher Areas | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Pneumonia
Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, can have bacterial, viral, parasitic, or environmental causes (or a combination). The underlying cause(s) and associated complications will dictate the severity of the illness. Clinical signs of pneumonia include coughing and rapid, shallow breathing (referred to as “thumping”), and in some cases, pigs may be seen open-mouth breathing. Pigs may be lethargic, uninterested in eating, and may have a fever. Pathogens that can cause pneumonia in pigs include Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, PRRS virus, Swine Influenza virus, Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV), Pseudorabies virus (PRV), and sometimes a combination of these. Roundworm and lungworm infestations can also cause pneumonia and the development of secondary bacterial infections of P. multocida or other bacteria.
Environmental factors such as extreme temperature fluctuations and high humidity levels can also cause pneumonia, and this may be a more common cause of pneumonia in established sanctuary pig residents. For example, during the colder months, heated barns combined with poor ventilation can lead to high humidity levels, resulting in a pneumonia outbreak. Pneumonia can also be caused by poor sanitation resulting in high ammonia levels. Be sure to work with your veterinarian if your residents develop signs of pneumonia, as it will be important to determine the cause and best treatment. Regardless of the underlying cause, because secondary bacterial infections are common, antibiotics are typically recommended as part of the treatment plan, but your veterinarian will be best able to advise you.
Sources:
Common Diseases Of Pet Pigs | Matthew Edson, DVM, MICP
Swine Pneumonia | AgriLife Extension (Non-Compassionate Source)
Pneumonia | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Porcine Respiratory And Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)
PRRS is a viral disease that can affect pigs of all ages. This disease was formerly referred to as “swine mystery disease” (SMD) and “swine infertility and respiratory syndrome” (SIRS). The PRRS virus is highly infectious but not highly contagious. As implied by the name, PRRS can cause reproductive issues as well as respiratory issues. While the respiratory syndrome can affect pigs of all ages, it is most common in younger pigs. PRRS can be spread through direct contact with nasal secretions, urine, feces, semen, or mammary secretions of infected pigs. Aerosol transmission is possible, and the virus can also be spread through contaminated needles, shoes, equipment, and other fomites, as well as by insects such as mosquitos and house flies. Infected pigs can remain long-term carriers, but there is evidence to suggest that most pigs who are infected develop immunity and will cease to shed the virus around 60 days after becoming infected.
Clinical signs are dependent on the virulence of the strain, the age of the pig, whether they have an initial or ongoing infection, and whether or not the individual has any other health challenges. Not all infected pigs will show signs of illness. Other viruses and bacteria can interact with the PRRS virus and amplify the severity of the illness. PRRS can also make an infected pig’s lungs more susceptible to other pathogens. Signs of PRRS infection in mature pigs include anorexia, fever, lethargy, depression, and in some cases, vomiting. Infected pigs may show signs of respiratory distress and may develop mild cyanosis of the ears, abdomen, and vulva. Reproductive signs will not be apparent in a sanctuary setting where residents are not allowed to breed unless a female pig arrives pregnant. Reproductive signs include late-term abortions, mummified piglets, and piglets who are stillborn, premature, or weak. Mortality rates are high in piglets who are born alive, and they often show signs of respiratory illness including open-mouth breathing and abdominal breathing. Signs of PRRS in younger pigs include fever, depression, lethargy, stunted growth, sneezing, open-mouth breathing, and pneumonia.
Anytime a resident is showing any of the signs above, it is important to get your veterinarian involved. If PRRS is suspected, they can determine the best diagnostics to perform. While there is no treatment, your veterinarian may prescribe an NSAID to reduce fever and a broad-spectrum antibiotic to manage secondary bacterial infections. You can also talk to your veterinarian about the various PRRS vaccines that are available, which vary in efficacy but may be able to reduce shedding.
Sources:
Overview of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) (Non-Compassionate Source)
Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome | World Organisation For Animal Health (Non-Compassionate Source)
Porcine Stress Syndrome (Malignant Hyperthermia, Transport Myopathy)
Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS), or malignant hyperthermia (MH), is a serious but rare inherited condition that can be triggered by stress and certain medications. For more information regarding PSS, check out our resource here.
Source:
Overview of Malignant Hyperthermia | Merck Manual
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky Disease)
This viral disease, which is not related to rabies, has been eradicated from commercial settings in the U.S. but is still present in some feral pig populations. Pigs are the only domesticated animals that are a natural host, but cowsWhile "cows" can be defined to refer exclusively to female cattle, at The Open Sanctuary Project we refer to domesticated cattle of all ages and sexes as "cows.", sheep, goats, dogs, and cats can be affected if housed in close quarters with acutely infected pigs. This virus can be spread via nose-to-nose contact, the fecal-oral route, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and through inhalation of aerosolized virus (which can spread several miles in certain weather conditions). This disease could spread to a previously non-infected herd via infected feral pigs or other animals who are considered “dead-end” hosts, such as rats, mice, dogs, cats, raccoons, opossums, and skunks, who, if infected, will shed the virus for only a short time before dying from the disease. It is unclear if insects play a role in the spread of this disease. The virus can also remain latent (not producing clinical signs) in pigs who recover from the disease, with stress triggering recrudescence and shedding of the virus.
Clinical signs vary based on the age and immune status of the pig, with younger pigs typically being more severely affected than older pigs, who are more resistant to the disease. Very young piglets may die suddenly without showing signs of illness. Clinical signs of pseudorabies in piglets under 3 weeks of age include high fever, depression, inappetence, tremors, incoordination, dog-sitting, vomiting, foaming at the mouth, blindness, paddling, coma, and convulsions. Morbidity and mortality can be close to 100%, with piglets dying within 1-3 days of becoming ill. Piglets 3-9 weeks of age have similar signs but with a lower mortality rate. Piglets closer to 9 weeks old may also show signs of respiratory illness such as sneezing, nasal discharge, and possibly coughing and labored breathing. Though most piglets in this age range survive, they are vulnerable to bacterial pneumonia and other secondary infections, which could worsen their prognosis. Older piglets typically develop respiratory signs, though some may show neurological symptoms. While morbidity in this age group is high, affected individuals typically recover within 7-10 days. Mature pigs may not show any clinical signs of illness, though some may exhibit signs of respiratory illness.
There is no treatment for this disease, but there are vaccines available that may be recommended in areas where pseudorabies is a concern. Vaccination can help protect individuals from infection, and in those who have already been infected, vaccination can significantly reduce clinical signs of disease and reduce shedding of the virus. Vaccination also reduces the likelihood of latency and frequency of recrudescence. There are tests that can differentiate between antibodies produced by vaccination and those produced by natural infection, so vaccination of previously uninfected individuals will not complicate accurate diagnosis later on.
Sources:
Overview of Pseudorabies | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Pseudorabies – PRV | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Reproductive Tract Cancers
Female pigs who are not spayed are at risk of developing reproductive tract cancers, which is why we recommend all females who are healthy enough for surgery are spayed. It’s worth pointing out that neutering male pigs also prevents reproductive cancers, but since neutering male mammalian residents is a common practice at sanctuaries, male reproductive cancers are seen less often in this setting. Females who are not spayed are more prone to various reproductive diseases including mammary and uterine tumors.
Much of the available information pertains to mini pigs rather than large breed pigs, mostly because breeds typically raised in agricultural settings rarely live long enough to develop these cancers, whereas mini pigs are often companion animalsAnimals who spend regular time with humans in their home and life. Typically cats and dogs are considered companion animals, though many species of animals could also be companion animals. who live into old age. However, anecdotal information from sanctuaries indicates that reproductive cancer in large breed pigs is very common in unaltered females. There have been reports of mammary tumors the size of a football and uterine tumors that weigh 100 pounds! While any surgery carries risk, and you may have certain residents for whom that risk is too great, for the majority of female sanctuary pigs, spaying them as part of your incoming procedures (as soon as they are deemed healthy and mature enough for the procedure) will carry less risk than surgical removal of a tumor later on, and depending on the specifics of the case, removal may not even be possible.
Sources:
Pot Bellied Pig Medicine And Nursing | Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association
Uterine Lesions in 32 Female Miniature Pet Pigs | American College Of Veterinary Pathologists
Common Health Problems Affecting Mini-Pigs – Part 2 | VCA Animal Hospital
Spay And Neuter For Potbellied Pigs | Best Friends
Cancer And Pigs | Mini Pig Info
Why Spay Or Neuter Your Pig? | Mini Pig Info
Uterine Infections, And Tumors: Another Reason To Spay Your Pig | Pigs 4 Ever
Metastatic Uterine Adenocarcinoma in an 8-year-old Gilt | Journal Of The American Association For Laboratory Animal Science (Non-Compassionate Source)
Diseases Of Swine, 11th Edition (Non-Compassionate Source)
Ringworm
This contagious fungal infection causes skin lesions that may be confused with other, often more serious, diseases. Pigs can be affected by various species of ringworm, which may be spread to pigs by other animals such as cows, dogs, cats, or rats. Humans can become infected by all species of ringworm that affect pigs. Some species of ringworm produce circular lesions, while others produce patchy lesions. Ringworm can be confirmed via skin scraping. The condition is typically self-limiting, but it may take months for lesions to disappear. If you suspect ringworm in your pig residents, work with your veterinarian to confirm the diagnosis. They may recommend certain treatment options, depending on the severity of the issue, though in some cases, they may recommend letting it run its course. Be sure any humans coming into contact with an affected group of pigs wear gloves and other protective gear to protect them from becoming infected themselves.
Sources:
Ringworm | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Porcine Ringworm | National Animal Disease Information Service (Non-Compassionate Source)
Salt Poisoning
Salt poisoning is the most common form of poisoning in pigs, with water deprivation being the most common cause, but it can also be caused by ingesting too much salt (or a combination of both). While pigs may be deprived of water due to human error (forgetting to check or refill water) or due to malfunction of equipment (an auto waterer failing to refill) which will result in an entire group being affected, individual pigs within a group may also go without water due to mobility issues, illness, or injury that prevents them from regularly getting to their water source. When fed diets with appropriate salt ranges (0.4-0.6%), pigs can develop salt poisoning after 48 hours of water deprivation, but if their diet is higher in salt, pigs will develop salt poisoning sooner during periods of water deprivation.
In the very early stages of salt poisoning, pigs will show signs of dehydration and inappetence and may be constipated or itchy. If an entire group of pigs suddenly become less interested in food, their water sources should be checked immediately to determine if water deprivation is the cause. Later signs of salt poisoning include incoordination, wandering aimlessly, head pressing, and loss of vision and hearing. Pigs with salt poisoning may be seen “dog-sitting” and may fall and have convulsions. Clinical signs may be confused with an ear infection or the various infectious diseases that cause neurological signs. If a pig resident’s nose is twitching just before they have a convulsion, this is a strong indicator of salt poisoning. Salt poisoning can be fatal, so catching signs early is imperative.
Be sure to consult with your veterinarian if you suspect salt poisoning – affected individuals must be rehydrated slowly. They absolutely must not have unrestricted access to water or the situation will become much worse. Instead, they should receive small amounts of water frequently, slowly returning to their normal water and electrolyte balance over the course of 2-3 days. Your veterinarian will be able to best guide their rehydration plan and may suggest other rehydration techniques besides oral consumption. Prevention is key, so make sure residents always have a reliable source of water and have systems in place for water sources to be checked frequently throughout the day. If an individual is getting up less often or drinking less due to another health challenge, be sure to offer them water regularly. In some cases, salt licks or mineral supplements left out in the rain have caused pools of briny water that, when consumed by pigs, can result in salt poisoning, so be sure to take steps to prevent this if there are salt licks or mineral supplements in their living space.
Sources:
Common Diseases Of Pet Pigs | Matthew Edson, DVM, MICP
Overview of Salt Toxicity | Merck Manual
Salt Poisoning (Water Deprivation; Sodium Ion Toxicosis) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Salt Poisoning (Water Deprivation) | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Salt Poisoning | Pig Progress (Non-Compassionate Source)
Skin Cancer
Non-melanoma skin cancer is seen quite a bit in sanctuary pig residents, especially light-skinned breeds such as Yorkshires and Landraces. This type of cancer results from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays, which is why proper sun protection is so important. Lesions are commonly seen behind the ears, but can also develop on other areas of the body such as the shoulder, back, abdomen, and rear end, and may look like bloody, scabby areas or discolored nodules. Though darker-skinned pigs are generally less commonly affected by skin cancer, there is evidence that suggests that Durocs and some “mini” pigThe term “mini pig” is used to categorize smaller breeds of pigs, such as Potbellies, Julianas, and Kunekunes, and to differentiate between these breeds and large breed pigs, such as Yorkshires, Landrace, or Hampshires, who are sometimes referred to as “farm pigs”. The descriptor “mini” can be a bit misleading- some breeds of mini pigs can weigh over 200 pounds! Terms like “teacup”, “micro”, “pocket”, “nano”, and “micro mini” are deceptive terms that are sometimes used to intentionally mislead people into thinking an individual pig will remain a certain size. breeds are more prone to melanoma than other breeds. If you suspect skin cancer, work with your veterinarian to determine if diagnostic testing is recommended. In some cases, the cancer can be removed. If this is not possible, be aware that these areas will need protection from the sun and may be prone to secondary infections and flystrike, depending on the nature of the lesion.
Sources:
Cancer And Pigs | Mini Pig Info
Pot Bellied Pig Medicine And Nursing | Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association
Swine Melanoma | Canadian Centre For Swine Improvement Inc. (Non-Compassionate Source)
Sunburn
Lighter-skinned pigs are very prone to sunburn. The back of the ears is most commonly affected, but pigs can develop sunburn in any area of their body. Sunburns are painful and also increase the risk of a pig developing non-melanoma skin cancer, so be sure to offer your residents proper sun protection. Sunburns can be managed with a pig-safe soothing ointment, but be sure to avoid anything that contains alcohol, as this will sting.
Source:
Common Diseases Of Pet Pigs | Matthew Edson, DVM, MICP
Swine Pox
Caused by the swine pox virus, this virus is distinct from other pox viruses and only causes disease in pigs. Pigs of all ages can be affected. Swine pox rarely causes serious systemic illness, though in the initial stage of the disease, some pigs may develop a mild fever, have a reduced appetite, and appear dull. Affected pigs will develop skin lesions that can occur anywhere on the body but typically start out on the abdomen, inner part of the legs, and groin. These lesions are circular or oval in shape and do not appear itchy. As lesions mature, they develop a brown/black crust and usually heal uneventfully. In severe cases, pigs may develop lesions in their upper respiratory and digestive tracts, especially in instances where piglets are born with lesions or develop them shortly after birth. Pigs with swine pox may develop greasy pig or secondary bacterial dermatitis.
Swine pox can be spread from pig to pig through pieces of scabs from pox lesions, and the swine pox virus can persist in scabs for up to a year. It can also be spread through nasal and oral secretions of infected individuals and by mosquitoes, biting flies, and pig lice if they feed in pox lesions. While there is no treatment, controlling vectors, especially lice, will help prevent this disease. Individuals who recover will be immune to the disease going forward. Swine pox is usually diagnosed based on the appearance of the lesions, but diagnostic testing of lesions can confirm the disease.
Sources:
Swinepox | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Pox (Swine Pox) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Swine Pox | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Urinary Tract Issues (Urinary Calculi, Cystitis, and UTIs)
Pigs can develop various urinary tract issues such as urinary calculi (stones or crystals), cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Frequent urination can be a sign of a urinary tract issue. Though urinary blockages may not be as common in pigs as they are in male sheep or goats, pigs can develop urinary calculi and can become obstructed as a result (especially males). If a pig is straining to urinate or appears unable to urinate, this could be a sign of a urinary obstruction and is an emergency. If left untreated, the individual’s bladder can rupture. When compared to ruminants, it seems that clinical signs of urinary obstruction in pigs may make it less clear that the issue stems from the urinary tract and may be misinterpreted as constipation or another gastrointestinal issue. Clinical signs may include non-specific signs such as lethargy, depression, inappetence, and signs of discomfort. Contact your veterinarian immediately if one of your pig residents is showing signs of a urinary tract issue. Regular veterinary examinations and routine urinalysis may help diagnose urinary tract issues before they become more severe.
Sources:
Diseases Of Miniature Pet Pigs | Merck Manual
Common Diseases Of Pet Pigs | Matthew Edson, DVM, MICP
Common Health Problems Affecting Mini-Pigs – Part 2 | VCA Animal Hospital
Diagnosis and management of obstructive Urolithiasis In Miniature Pigs | AVMA Publications
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) In Sows – A Review | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency (Mulberry Heart Disease, Hepatosis Dietetica, White Muscle Disease)
There are three syndromes associated with vitamin E and/or selenium deficiency in pigs – Mulberry Heart Disease (MDH), Hepatosis Dietetica (HD), and White Muscle Disease (WMD).
Mulberry Heart Disease is the most common of these syndromes and causes sudden death in seemingly healthy individuals, typically in piglets who are between a few weeks old and four months old. On post-mortem examination, the heart has a mottled appearance with areas of necrosisNecrosis is the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. and areas of hemorrhage throughout the myocardium. Vitamin E supplementation is thought to prevent deaths from this disease.Â
Hepatosis Dietetica also causes sudden death in seemingly healthy pigs, but affects the liver rather than the heart and is associated with selenium levels – the occurrence of this syndrome is rare since commercial pig foods have increased their selenium levels. Supplementing with selenium can help reduce the severity of HD, but this must be done under the guidance of a veterinarian to avoid toxicity.
White Muscle Disease is more common in other species, but can also occur in pigs and will cause muscle weakness or stiffness. Vitamin E and selenium deficiencies can make pigs more susceptible to other diseases, and piglets who are deficient will be more susceptible to iron toxicity – administration of iron dextran to prevent anemia can result in death in vitamin E and/or selenium-deficient piglets. If you suspect a vitamin E or selenium deficiency, be sure to talk to your veterinarian about testing your residents’ levels and ways to safely supplement.
Sources:
Nutritional Myopathies in Ruminants and Pigs | Merck Manual
Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Mulberry Heart Disease (Vitamin E Deficiency) (Non-Compassionate Source)
Worms
There are many different types of parasitic worms that can affect pigs, but the most common include roundworms, whipworms, and nodular worms. Be sure to talk to your veterinarian about the common parasites in your area, best preventative strategies, and diagnostic testing to screen for parasites. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian regarding treatment. Worms that can affect pigs include:
Kidney Worms (Stephanurus dentatus)
This parasite can affect pigs of all ages, including fetuses if the mother is infected. Kidney worms are most common in tropical and subtropical climates where pigs have access to pastures that are shady and wet. These worms have a long lifecycle – it typically takes 9-12 months before mature kidney worms produce eggs after the pig is infected. Eggs are passed in the urine rather than the feces because infection occurs in and around the kidneys. Affected pigs typically have slow weight gain or show difficulty maintaining their weight. In some cases, pigs can die as a result of kidney worm infections. Kidney worm larvae cause significant damage during migration, with the liver being frequently affected, but other areas of the body, such as the lungs and kidneys, can be damaged as well. Diagnosis can be difficult, but urine samples can be examined for the presence of eggs.
Sources:
Swine Kidney Worm Infection | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Kidney Worm Infection | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Common Internal Parasites of Swine | University Of Missouri Extension (Non-Compassionate Source)
Large Roundworm (Ascaris suum)
This is the most common type of internal parasite that affects pigs, and while it is more severe in younger pigs, individuals of all ages can be affected. There has been some debate as to whether or not this parasite is the same as A. lumbricoides, the human large roundworm, but A. suum is now recognized as its own species. However, there is evidence that this parasite is zoonotic. Pigs become infected by ingesting eggs which then hatch in the intestine. Larvae then penetrate the intestine wall and can spread to the liver, lungs, and other areas. Once in the lungs, eggs are coughed up, swallowed, and return to the intestines where they mature. Adult ascarids typically live in the pig for approximately 6 months before being expelled, though they may survive for over a year. Mature male ascarids can reach 25 cm long, while females can reach 40 cm and lay large numbers of eggs, typically between 200,000 and 1 million eggs per day. Eggs will begin to pass in the feces 6-8 weeks after infection. Before this time, a fecal float will not be reliable in the detection of A. suum.
A pig with a heavy infection can have hundreds of ascarids in their intestine. A. suum can be very hard to eradicate; eggs can survive in the environment for many years under optimal conditions, but prolonged exposure to full sunlight can destroy them. Though eggs are resistant to disinfectants, they can be destroyed through intensive steam cleaning.
In young pigs, A. suum infections result in inflammation in the intestines and ascarids will compete with the host pig for nutrients, resulting in slowed growth or weight loss. Infections can also result in interstitial pneumonia, scarring of the liver, secondary bacterial infections, and in severe cases, infections can also result in mechanical obstruction of the intestines. Signs of A. suum infections in young pigs include slowed growth, rough coat, abdominal breathing (often called “thumping”), chronic coughing fits, and a pendulous abdomen. Mature pigs may lose weight and show similar respiratory signs as younger pigs. In some cases, mature worms may be found in feces making diagnosis easy. If you suspect an A. suum infection in your pig residents, be sure to discuss treatment options with your veterinarian and be sure to address eggs in the environment as well.
Sources:
Ascaris Suum In Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Roundworm Infection (Ascariasis) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Lungworms (Metastrongylus spp)
This infection can affect pigs of all ages, but younger pigs over 6 weeks old are most likely to develop heavy infections. The earthworm is the intermediate host, so this infection is most common when pigs are out on pasture and able to root up earthworms (typically when soil is soft and damp). Larvae can remain dormant in the earthworm for up to 18 months. Signs of a lungworm infection include chronic coughing, a rough coat, and failure to gain weight or weight loss. In cases where pigs develop secondary pneumonia, they may show more severe respiratory issues including open-mouth breathing and abdominal breathing (“thumping”). Fecal testing can reveal eggs, though counts are often low.
Sources:
Metastrongylus spp In Swine | Parasitipedia
Lungworm Infection (Metastrongylosis) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Nodular Worms (Oesophagostomum spp)
This parasite can affect pigs of all ages, but seems to be more common in pigs over 3 months old. While many infected pigs will remain asymptomatic, heavy infections can cause diarrhea and slowed growth. Nodular worms cause damage to the intestines and, in extreme cases, infections can result in thickening and necrosis of the intestinal wall. Fecal testing can identify eggs, but a larval culture may be required to differentiate between Oesphagostomum and Hyostrongylus. Talk to your veterinarian about the best treatment options, as there has been evidence of drug resistance in these parasites. Larvae can survive on pastures for up to a year, depending on the overall conditions, so be sure to talk to your veterinarian about how to prevent further infections.
Sources:
Oesophagostomum spp In Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Nodular Worm Infection (Oesophagostomiasis) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Thorny-Headed Worm (Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus)
This parasitic infection is more common in the southern U.S. than in the northern part of the country. Various species of beetle grubs serve as the intermediate host. Mild infections may not cause any obvious signs of illness, but pigs with heavy infections may develop a rough coat and have trouble putting on/maintaining their weight. This parasite can perforate the intestines, and while the inflammatory response typically seals the perforation, in some instances the individual may develop peritonitis and die as a result. Diagnosis of M. hirudinaceus through fecal testing is possible but more difficult than when checking for many other types of parasites.
Sources:
Macracanthorhynchus sp In Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Thorny-Headed Worm Infection | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Threadworm (Strongyloides ransomi)
This parasite is of most concern in warmer climates and can affect pigs of all ages, including fetuses, but typically only causes illness in young piglets. Pigs can become infected via colostrum containing infective larvae, other infected food, or through skin penetration. Individuals with mild infections may have no clinical signs but in young piglets with severe infections, signs include diarrhea, dehydration, anemia, emaciation, and, in some cases, can result in death, especially in piglets younger than 2 weeks old. Threadworms differ from other parasitic worms in that there are both parasitic generations, which are only female, and also free-living generations of males and females that live in the environment. Fecal testing can be used to identify this parasite, but you should talk to your veterinarian about the proper way to collect and store fecal samples to ensure accurate testing.
Sources:
Strongyloides sp In Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Threadworm Infection (Strongyloidosis) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Whipworm (Trichuris suis)
This parasite can affect pigs of all ages but is most common in pigs younger than 6 months old. Mature pigs rarely show signs of infection unless under extreme stress. In general, many whipworm infections will not cause clinical signs, but in severe cases may cause anorexia, dehydration, and diarrhea that contains blood and/or mucus. In severe cases, infections can result in death. Though fecal testing can be used to diagnose a whipworm infection, eggs are not present in feces until 7 weeks after infection, whereas clinical signs are typically present 2-4 weeks after infection. Clinical signs could become severe before eggs are present. Additionally, the number of eggs present in a fecal sample may not be reflective of the severity of the infection. If you suspect a whipworm infection, be sure to talk to your veterinarian about the best treatment options. They may recommend dewormingThe act of medicating an animal to reduce or eliminate internal parasites, either prophylactically or in response to illness. without fecal testing due to the challenges previously described. Be aware that eggs can remain infective in the soil for years.
Sources:
Trichuris sp In Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Whipworm Infection | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
